Abstract

6G-enabled network in a box (NIB) is a multi- generational, rapidly deployable hardware and software technology for the communication. 6G-enabled NIB provides high level of flexibility which makes it capable to provide connectivity services for different types of applications as it is effective for the communications of after disaster scenario battlefields scenario and industrial scenario. In 6G-enabled NIB deployed industrial applications, various passive and active attacks are possible because the involved entities communicate over insecure channel. In this paper, a new remote user authentication and key management scheme is proposed for securing 6G-enabled NIB deployed for industrial applications, which we call in short as UAKMS-NIB. The security analysis shows the resilience of the UAKMS-NIB against various types of possible attacks. The practical demonstration of UAKMS-NIB is also provided to measure its impact on the network performance parameters.

Abstract

With the emergence of the concept of smart city and the increasing demands for a range of vehicles, Internet of Vehicles (IoV) has achieved a lot of attention by providing multiple benefits, including vehicle emergence, accidents, levels of pollution, and traffic congestion. Moreover, IoV provides various services by combining vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANET) with the Internet of Things (IoT) in smart cities. However, the communication among vehicles is susceptible to various security threats because the sensitive message is transmitted via a insecure channel in the IoV-based smart city environment. Thus, a secure message authentication protocol is indispensable to ensure various services for IoV in a smart city environment. In 2020, a secure message authentication protocol for IoV communication in smart cities has been proposed. However, we discover that the analyzed scheme suffers from various potential attacks such as impersonation, secret key disclosure, and off-line guessing attacks, and also does not ensure authentication. To solve the security threats of the analyzed scheme, we design a secure and efficient message authentication protocol for IoV in a smart city environment, called IoV-SMAP. The proposed IoV-SMAP can resist security drawbacks and provide user anonymity, and mutual authentication. We demonstrate the security of IoV-SMAP by performing informal and formal analyses such as the Real-or-Random (ROR) model, and Automated Validation of Internet Security Protocols and Application (AVISPA) simulations. In addition, we compare the performance of IoV-SMAP with related existing competing authentication schemes. We demonstrate that IoV-SMAP provides better security along with efficiency than related competing schemes and is suitable for the IoV-based smart city environment.

Abstract

The real-world data is often susceptible to label noise, which might constrict the effectiveness of the existing state of the art algorithms for ordinal regression. Existing works on ordinal regression do not take label noise into account. We propose a theoretically grounded approach for class conditional label noise in ordinal regression problems. We present a deep learning implementation of two commonly used loss functions for ordinal regression that is both-1) robust to label noise, and 2) rank consistent for a good ranking rule. We verify these properties of the algorithm empirically and show robustness to label noise on real data and rank consistency. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first approach for robust ordinal regression models.

Abstract

The phenomenon of mixing the vocabulary and syntax of multiple languages within the same utterance is called Code-Mixing. This is more evident in multilingual societies. In this paper, we have developed a system for SemEval 2020: Task 9 on Sentiment Analysis for Code-Mixed Social Media Text. Our system first generates two types of embeddings for the social media text. In those, the first one is character level embeddings to encode the character level information and to handle the out-of-vocabulary entries and the second one is FastText word embeddings for capturing morphology and semantics. These two embeddings were passed to the LSTM network and the system outperformed the baseline model.

Abstract

Sentiment analysis is a widely researched NLP problem with state-of-the-art solutions capable of attaining human-like accuracies for various languages. However, these methods rely heavily on large amounts of labeled data or sentiment weighted language-specific lexical resources that are unavailable for low-resource languages. Our work attempts to tackle this data scarcity issue by introducing a neural architecture for language invariant sentiment analysis capable of leveraging various monolingual datasets for training without any kind of cross-lingual supervision. The proposed architecture attempts to learn language agnostic sentiment features via adversarial training on multiple resource-rich languages which can then be leveraged for inferring sentiment information at a sentence level on a low resource language. Our model outperforms the current state-of-the-art methods on the Multilingual Amazon Review Text Classification dataset [REF] and achieves significant performance gains over prior work on the low resource Sentiraama corpus [REF]. A detailed analysis of our research highlights the ability of our architecture to perform significantly well in the presence of minimal amounts of training data for low resource languages.

Abstract

Humor research is a multifaceted field that has led to a better understanding of humor’s psychological effects and the development of different theories of humor. This paper’s main objective is to develop a hierarchical schema for a fine-grained annotation of Conversational Humor. Based on the Benign Violation Theory, the benignity or non-benignity of the interlocutor’s intentions is included within the framework. Under the categories mentioned above, in addition to different types of humor, the techniques utilized by these types are identified. Furthermore, a prominent play from Telugu, Kanyasulkam, is annotated to substantiate the work across cultures at multiple levels. The inter-annotator agreement is calculated to assess the accuracy and validity of the dataset. An in-depth analysis of the disagreement is performed to understand the subjectivity of humor better.

Abstract

While extensive popularity of online social media platforms has made information dissemination faster, it has also resulted in widespread online abuse of different types like hate speech, offensive language, sexist and racist opinions, etc. Detection and curtailment of such abusive content is critical for avoiding its psychological impact on victim communities, and thereby preventing hate crimes. Previous works have focused on classifying user posts into various forms of abusive behavior. But there has hardly been any focus on estimating the severity of abuse and the target. In this paper, we present a first of the kind dataset with 7601 posts from Gab which looks at online abuse from the perspective of presence of abuse, severity and target of abusive behavior. We also propose a system to address these tasks, obtaining an accuracy of~ 80% for abuse presence,~ 82% for abuse target detection, and~ 64% for abuse severity detection.

Abstract

We propose MEE, an approach for automatic Machine Translation (MT) evaluation which leverages the similarity between embeddings of words in candidate and reference sentences to assess translation quality. Unigrams are matched based on their surface forms, root forms and meanings which aids to capture lexical, morphological and semantic equivalence. We perform experiments for MT from English to four Indian Languages (Telugu, Marathi, Bengali and Hindi) on a robust dataset comprising simple and complex sentences with good and bad translations. Further, it is observed that the proposed metric correlates better with human judgements than the existing widely used metrics.

Abstract

Spoken dialogue systems typically use one or several (top-N) ASR sequence(s) for inferring the semantic meaning and tracking the state of the dialogue. However, ASR graphs, such as confusion networks (confnets), provide a compact representation of a richer hypothesis space than a top-N ASR list. In this paper, we study the benefits of using confusion networks with a neural dialogue state tracker (DST). We encode the 2-dimensional confnet into a 1-dimensional sequence of embed-dings using a confusion network encoder which can be used with any DST system. Our confnet encoder is plugged into the 'Global-locally Self-Attentive Dialogue State Tacker' (GLAD) model for DST and obtains significant improvements in both accuracy and inference time compared to using top-N ASR hypotheses .

Abstract

One-anaphora has figured prominently in theoretical linguistic literature, but computational linguistics research on the phenomenon is sparse. Not only that, the long standing linguistic controversy between the determinative and the nominal anaphoric element one has propagated in the limited body of computational work on one-anaphora resolution, making this task harder than it is. In the present paper, we resolve this by drawing from an adequate linguistic analysis of the word one in different syntactic environments-once again highlighting the significance of linguistic theory in Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks. We prepare an annotated corpus marking actual instances of one-anaphora with their textual antecedents, and use the annotations to experiment with state-of-the art neural models for one-anaphora resolution. Apart from presenting a strong neural baseline for this task, we contribute a gold-standard corpus, which is, to the best of our knowledge, the biggest resource on one-anaphora till date.