Abstract

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), particularly low-cost UAVs, have become increasingly important due to their wide range of applications and ease of use. However, with the rapid growth of the UAV market, the rising security concerns pose a greater risk. One such primary concern is location spoofing attacks which can compromise UAV's navigation system, making it crucial to analyze various location-based attacks. In this paper, we identify 16 such GPS spoofing scenarios based on environmental conditions, attack type, and spoof signal propagation path. We evaluate these scenarios based on various GPS parameters like Horizontal Dilution Of Precision (HDOP), Vertical Dilution Of Precision (VDOP), GPS satellite count in view, and avg signal-to-noise power density (CN0). We then analyze the variations in GPS parameters for various such attack scenarios. Further, we analyze the impact of distance on average CN0 and the effect of satellite count on effective spoofable distance. We also discuss several critical insights which are empirically observed during our experimental trials. Our experiments revealed that the natural conditions within indoor and outdoor scenarios can vary considerably, and effective spoofable distance can be up to 100 meters when the satellite count is less than 10.

Abstract

Eliminating time-consuming post-production processes and delivering high-quality videos in today’s fast-paced digital landscape are the key advantages of real-time ap- proaches. To address these needs, we present Real Time GAZED: a real-time adaptation of the GAZED framework integrated with CineFilter, a novel real-time camera trajec- tory stabilization approach. It enables users to create pro- fessionally edited videos in real-time. Comparative evalua- tions against baseline methods, including the non-real-time GAZED, demonstrate that Real Time GAZED achieves simi- lar editing results, ensuring high-quality video output. Fur- thermore, a user study confirms the aesthetic quality of the video edits produced by the Real Time GAZED approach. With these advancements in real-time camera trajectory op- timization and video editing presented, the demand for im- mediate and dynamic content creation in industries such as live broadcasting, sports coverage, news reporting, and so- cial media content creation can be met more efficiently

Abstract

This paper addresses the challenge of active speaker detection in automated video editing and highlights the limitations of current audio-only and audio-visual speaker detection methods in handling unseen data with overlapped speakers, speaker occlusions, low video resolution, and random noises. Firstly, we select the BBC Old School Dataset, a comprehensive dataset introduced for automated video editing, and annotate it with active speaker labels. We propose an audio-based nearest neigh- bour algorithm that utilizes additional inputs, such as audio samples of each speaker and faces, to predict and track the active speaker. We evaluate the effectiveness of our approach on the BBC Old School Dataset by utilizing f rame-level speaker accu- racy, which we consider a more suitable metric in the context of video editing. We observe that this simple setup outperforms the current state-of-the-art methods in predicting the active speaker. By incorporating these methods into our speaker-based editing approaches, we also notice that our method closely approximates the output obtained using ground truth annotations

Abstract

The high rate of groundwater usage has resulted in a rapid decline in groundwater levels, which has necessitated its monitoring. This paper focuses on estimating the groundwater level inside borewells remotely and in real-time using the Internet of Things (IoT). For this, a solution is proposed which is based on string tension and does not require any electrical components to be lowered into the borewell. The solution provides a completely automated, real-time, reliable, and IoT-enabled alternative to existing methods for borewell water monitoring. The proposed approach is compared with an ultrasonic sensor-based approach in a controlled environment as well as in a tank. Additionally, four nodes were deployed in a small educational campus in the Indian city of Hyderabad to ascertain its usability and reliability in practical situations. The observations from the data collected over a month show that the proposed low-cost solution is reliable and has a good performance in the field. Index Terms—Borewell, Real-time, IoT, String tension, Water-level.

Abstract

This study presents an Internet of Things (IoT)- based system that utilises machine learning (ML) techniques to estimate water flow through pipes based on pressure. The system incorporates an ESP-32 microcontroller, a Danfoss MBS 3000 pressure sensor, and a flow meter deployed at three locations to collect data for three months. To model the relationship between pressure and flow rate, ML algorithms such as linear regression (LR), support vector regression (SVR), and convolutional neural network (CNN) were trained, analysed, and compared. By establishing a model to estimate the flow rate based on pressure, the need for a flow meter in the setup can be eliminated. The system’s low-cost, easy-to-implement, and non-invasive nature makes it suitable for widespread adoption in residential areas offering a promising solution for optimising water distribution and reducing water wastage.

Abstract

Climate classification plays a significant role in the development of building codes and standards. It guides the design of buildings’ envelope and systems by considering their location’s climate conditions. Various methods, such as ASHRAE Standard 169, Köppen, Trewartha utilize climate parameters such as temperature, humidity, solar radiation, precipitation, etc., to classify climates. When establishing requirements in building codes and standards, it is crucial to validate the classification based on the building’s thermal loads. This paper introduces a novel methodology for classifying cities based on the number of similar days between them. It calculates similarity using daily mean temperature, relative humidity, and solar radiation by applying threshold values. A matrix of similar days is analyzed through agglomerative hierarchical clustering with different thresholds. A scoring system based on building thermal load, where lower scores signify better classification, is employed to select the best method. The method was tested using U.S. weather data, yielding a lower score of 54.5 compared to ASHRAE Standard 169’s score of 63.09. This suggests that the new approach results in less

Abstract

This paper focuses on the direction of arrival (DoA) estimation for two coherent sources using a uniform linear array (ULA). It is demonstrated that the DoA estimation error increases as the angle of the incoming signal moves away from the center in the range (-90°, 90°) for existing schemes. In addition, this paper also focuses on improving the DoA estimation performance in low signal to noise ratio (SNR). Therefore a cascaded neural network (CaNN) is proposed to improve the DoA estimation consisting of two stages of neural networks (NNs). The first NN is the enhanced SNR (ESNR) classifier, which is used to improve performance for different SNRs. The second NN is the angle estimator, which improves the performance for different angle ranges. For overcoming the issue of coherent signals, a spatially smoothened auto covariance matrix is fed to the SNR classifier and angle estimator blocks. A performance comparison with an existing scheme such as spatial smoothing- multiple signal classification (SS-MUSIC) and ESNR CaNN shows that the proposed CaNN for different angles and SNR ranges performs better than the existing schemes.

Abstract

Accidental fires in public and large buildings not only cause property loss but also can lead to loss of lives. During such emergencies, building evacuation depends on a range of factors including floor plans, exits available, obstructions if any, the occupancy levels of the building, and so on. The study here brings together the spatial, temporal, and path planning possibilities to evaluate fire evacuation strategies for 2D building plans. It provides a geospatial framework to assess the impacts of dynamic changes in the building environment and its impact on evacuation outcomes. In this study, occupancy-based path planning using Pgrouting over an IndoorGML formatted data is combined with modeling their interactions over the path toward the exit to assess the outcomes. This computational approach over the time-dependent path provides interesting insights into determining the number of paths and the need for one or more exits during an emergency. The study shows that integrating the floor plan into path generation and people flow can be a powerful tool for assessing the building environment.

Abstract

This study considers simple acceleration sensitive Non-structural elements (NSEs) with fundamental period TS ≤ 0.07seconds, modelled as a rigid cantilever with lumped mass at the top (stick model). Numerical modelling of building and NSE together (complete model) and nonlinear time history analyses using 11 natural ground motions are performed in commercial software PERFORM 3D. Parametric studies of NSEs with lumped mass of 1-10 percent total seismic weight of building (in increments of 1 percent) for each fundamental period of NSE (in increments of 0.01s) is carried out, using spectrally scaled ground motions. Variations in: (a) lateral force demand on NSE, (b) Component Amplification Factor (CAF), and (c) Floor Amplification Factor (FAF), are monitored. Results are compared with the values of above parameters estimated as per EAK (2000), Eurocode 8 (1998 (1):2004), ASCE 07 (2016), NZS 4219 (2009), and NZS 1170 (5) (2004). It is observed that FAF varies nonlinearly across the floors (and significantly in the lower floors), as against linear variation stipulated in the above codes. The average CAF for the ground motions considered ranged between 1 and 2 up to Ts ≤ 0.06s. However, it increased significantly for Ts = 0.07s, thereby complementing ASCE 07 stipulation of 0.06s limit for rigid NSEs. The value of 2 is consistent with NZS 1170(5):2004 and 1 with ASCE 07 and EAK (2000). Further, as the NSE weight increased, the fundamental period of the building increased, and the average CAF marginally decreased. And, seismic force demand imposed on all NSEs during nonlinear time history analysis exceeded code recommended seismic design force under most ground motions.

Abstract

The performance of high-power laser systems based on incoherent beam combining (IBC) depends on laser beam propagation properties in the atmosphere and their orientation on the target. We have designed an IBC system based on three different beam directing mechanisms, viz., collimated, inclined, and focused-inclined. We have mathematically modeled the laser beam propagation in the atmosphere, including turbulence, wandering, jitter, Strehl ratio, and thermal blooming. The beam propagation efficiency is evaluated for the above combinations to evaluate the IBC system performance in the turbulent atmosphere. We report the simulation results of an IBC system of 44 individual laser sources, each of 1 kW combined incoherently at a target. A comparative study of 3 beam-directing mechanisms is performed, and it is observed that the collimated beam IBC system is most affected by the atmospheric parameters due to the maximum wandering and spreading of the beam at the target compared to inclined and focused-inclined IBC. Whereas a focused-inclined IBC system is found to be the most effective for high-power energy applications, with an average intensity of more than 250 W/cm^2 even at the 10 km target location.