Abstract

The possibility of a quantum system to exhibit properties that are akin to both the classically held notions of being a particle and a wave, is one of the most intriguing aspects of the quantum description of nature. These aspects have been instrumental in understanding paradigmatic natural phenomena as well as to provide nonclassica applications. A conceptual foundation for the wave nature of a quantum state has recently been presented, through the notion of quantum coherence. We introduce here a parallel notion for the particle nature of a quantum state of an arbitrary physical situation. We provide hints towards a resource theory of particleness, and give a quantification of the same. Finally, we provide evidence for a complementarity between the particleness thus introduced, and the coherence of an arbitrary quantum state

Abstract

In this work, we exhaustively investigate 1 → 2 local and nonlocal broadcasting of entanglement as well as correlations beyond entanglement (geometric discord) using asymmetric Pauli cloners with most general two qubit state as the resource. We exemplify asymmetric broadcasting of entanglement using 'Maximally Entangled Mixed States'. We demonstrate the variation of broadcasting range with the amount of entanglement present in the resource state as well as with the asymmetry in the cloner. We show that it is impossible to optimally broadcast geometric discord with the help of these asymmetric Pauli cloning machines. We also study the problem of 1 → 3 broadcasting of entanglement using non-maximally entangled state (NME) as the resource. For this task, we introduce a method we call successive broadcasting which involves application of 1 → 2 optimal cloning machines multiple times. We compare and contrast the performance of this method with the application of direct 1 → 3 optimal cloning machines. We show that 1 → 3 optimal cloner does a better job at broadcasting than the successive application of 1 → 2 cloners and the successive method can be beneficial in the absence of 1 → 3 cloners. We also bring out the fundamental difference between the tasks of cloning and broadcasting in the final part of the manuscript. We create examples to show that there exist local unitaries which can be employed to give a better range for broadcasting. Such unitary operations are not only economical, but also surpass the best possible range obtained using existing cloning machines enabling broadcasting of lesser entangled states. This result opens up a new direction in exploration of methods to facilitate broadcasting which may outperform the standard strategies implemented through cloning transformations

Abstract

In this work, we extensively study the problem of broadcasting of entanglement as state dependent versus state independent cloners. We start by re-conceptualizing the idea of state dependent quantum cloning machine (SD-QCM), and in that process, we introduce different types of SD-QCMs, namely, orthogonal and non-orthogonal cloners. We derive the conditions for which the fidelity of these cloners will become independent of the input state. We note that such a construction allows us to maximize the cloning fidelity at the cost of having partial information of the input state. In the discussion on broadcasting of entanglement, we start with a general two qubit state as our resource and later we consider a specific example of Bell diagonal state. We apply both state dependent and state independent cloners (orthogonal and non-orthogonal), locally and non locally, on input resource state and obtain a range for broadcasting of entanglement in terms of the input state parameters. Our results highlight several instances where the state dependent cloners outperform their state independent counterparts in broadcasting entanglement. Our study provides a comparative perspective on the broadcasting of entanglement via cloning in two qubit scenario, when we have some knowledge of the resource ensemble versus a situation when we have no such information

Abstract

Bell non-locality and steering are essential features of quantum mechanics which mark significant departures from classical notion. They basically refer to the presence of quantum correlations between separated systems which violate a non-local inequality, the violation being not possible if we restrict ourselves only to classical correlations. In view of the importance of such unique correlations one may be interested to generate more non-local states starting from a few, a protocol which is termed as broadcasting. However in the present submission we show that if one restricts to broadcasting through quantum cloning, then such non-local states cannot be broadcasted. Our study is done in the purview of the Bell-CHSH inequality and a steering inequality pertaining to three measurement settings. We also find suitable restrictions on the Werner and Bell diagonal states which will make them unsteerable under any number of measurement settings, after broadcasting.

Abstract

We propose a new measure of relative incompatibility for a quantum system with respect to two noncommuting observables, and call it quantumness of relative incompatibility. In case of a classical state, order of observation is inconsequential, hence probability distribution of outcomes of any observable remains undisturbed. We define relative entropy of the two marginal probability distributions as a measure of quantumness in the state, which is revealed only in presence of two non-commuting observables. Like all other measures, we show that the proposed measure satisfies some basic axioms. Also, we find that this measure depicts complementarity with quantum coherence. The relation is more vivid when we choose one of the observables in such a way that its eigen basis matches with the basis in which the coherence is measured. Our result indicates that the quantumness in a single system is still an interesting question to explore and there can be an inherent feature of the state which manifests beyond the idea of quantum coherence.

Abstract

Quantum mechanical properties like entanglement, discord and coherence act as fundamental resources in various quantum information processing tasks. Consequently, generating more resources from a few, typically termed as broadcasting is a task of utmost significance. One such strategy of broadcasting is through the application of cloning machines. In this article, broadcasting of quantum resources beyond 2 ⊗ 2 systems is investigated. In particular, in 2 ⊗ 3 dimension, a class of states not useful for broadcasting of entanglement is characterized for a choice of optimal universal Heisenberg cloning machine. The broadcasting ranges for maximally entangled mixed states (MEMS) and two parameter class of states (TPCS) are obtained to exemplify our protocol. A significant derivative of the protocol is the generation of entangled states with positive partial transpose in 3 ⊗ 3 dimension and states which are absolutely separable in 2 ⊗ 2 dimension. Moving beyond entanglement, in 2 ⊗ d dimension, the impossibility to optimally broadcast quantum correlations beyond entanglement (QCsbE) (discord) and quantum coherence(l1-norm) is established. However, some significant illustrations are provided to highlight that non-optimalbroadcasting of QCsbE and coherence are still possible

Abstract

In this brief report, we prove that the robustness of coherence (ROC), in contrast with many popular quantitative measures of quantum coherence derived from the resource-theoretic framework of coherence, may be a subadditive for a specific class of multipartite quantum states. We investigate how the subadditivity is affected by admixture with other classes of states for which ROC is superadditive. We show that pairs of quantum states may have different orderings with respect to relative entropy of coherence, l1-norm of coherence and ROC and numerically study the difference in ordering for the chosen pairwise coherence measures.

Abstract

This work presents the design of a low phase noise LC oscillator (LCO) for a phase locked loop (PLL)-free receiver (RX), which is used for wireless sensor nodes based healthcare applications. A detailed analysis of phase noise of free running LCO has been presented under the influence of offchip components, which are very often inevitable in biomedical radios. Based on the analysis, a low power cross coupled LCO has been optimally designed for Medical Device Radiocommunication (MedRadio) band, which is a recommended communication band for biomedical applications. The proposed LCO has been fabricated in 180 nm CMOS technology. Measurement results show that the LCO consumes 140 μW power from 1.8 V supply and exhibits a phase noise of -103 dBc/Hz at an offset of 300 kHz, which closely matches with the post layout simulation results. Measurement results also show that the proposed …

Abstract

Fog computing (fog networking) is known as a decentralized computing infrastructure in which data, applications, compute as well as data storage are scattered in the most logical and efficient place among the data source (i.e., smart devices) and the cloud. It gives better services than cloud computing because it has better performance with reasonably low cost. Since the cloud computing has security and privacy issues, and fog computing is an extension of cloud computing, it is therefore obvious that fog computing will inherit those security and privacy issues from cloud computing. In this paper, we design a new secure key management and user authentication scheme for fog computing environment, called SAKA-FC. SAKAFC is efficient as it only uses the lightweight operations, such as one-way cryptographic hash function and bitwise exclusive-OR (XOR), for the smart devices as they are resource-constrained in nature. SAKAFC is shown to be secure with the help of the formal security analysis using the broadly accepted RealOr-Random (ROR) model, the formal security verification using the widely-used Automated Validation of Internet Security Protocols and Applications (AVISPA) tool and also the informal security analysis. In addition, SAKA-FC is implemented for practical demonstration using the widely-used NS2 simulator.

Abstract

Cyber security refers to the protection of Internet-connected systems, such as hardware, software as well as data (information) from cyber attacks (adversaries). A cyber security regulation is needed in order to protect information technology along with computer systems with the purpose of compelling various organizations as well as companies to protect their systems and information from cyber attacks. Several cyber attacks are possible, such as viruses, phishing, Trojan horses, worms, Denial-ofService (DoS) attacks, illegal access (e.g., stealing intellectual property or confidential information) as well as control system attacks. In this article, we focus on importance of various standards in cyber defense, and architecture of cyber security framework. We discuss the security threats, attacks and measures in cyber security. We then discuss various standardization challenges in cyber security. We also discuss about the cyber security national strategy to secure cyberspace and also various government policies in protecting the cyber security. Finally, we provide some recommendations that are critical to cyber security and cyber defense. Keywords: Cyber security, Cyber attacks, Information security, Government policies, Standards.