Abstract

A system and method for implementing an experiment remotely and determining an output using a computer-vision model is provided. The system includes an image capturing device, an experiment setup, a microcontroller, a user device, and a relay unit. The microcontroller (i) receives the input of the experiment from the image capturing device,(ii) extracts one or more frames from the input data,(iii) pre-process the one or more frames to obtain a binary image,(iv) obtain a closed curve around the binary image to locate the experiment,(v) determine the coordinates of the experiment to track the experiment in each frame,(vi) determine an output of the experiment from every two consecutive frames of the one or more frames, and (vii) optimize the determined output of the experiment using a linear regression model.

Abstract

When novice engineers (fresh or recent graduates with little industry experience) join a SaaS (Software-as-a-Service) product company, they are tasked with comprehending the product, especially its behavior and dynamics. We believe that they can comprehend more effectively if they know and understand the architecture patterns used in the product. Are the current architecture pattern descriptions of high quality? Do they fit the needs of novice engineers? We evaluated the pattern descriptions of Model-View-Controller (MVC) (a popular and important architecture pattern for cloud systems) from a quality and fitment perspective and found gaps. To address these gaps, we have built a System of Systems (SoS) model of MVC that uses a transition systems vocabulary and a set-theoretic notation. In the paper, we show that this SoS model provides a rich set of information about the behavior and dynamics of the MVC components and their interactions. The model bridges the gaps in the MVC pattern description. One of the contributions of the paper is to provide criteria to evaluate the pattern descriptions for quality and fitment for novice engineers. The paper proposes that we augment the benchmark pattern description of MVC with an SoS model. The paper also demonstrates a general approach to building SoS models for architecture patterns and recommends creating a catalog of SoS models for SaaS architecture patterns. We believe such a catalog will significantly help novice engineers in comprehension and other software engineering activities.

Abstract

Remote labs are a groundbreaking development in the education industry, providing students with access to laboratory education anytime, anywhere. However, most remote labs are costly and difficult to scale, especially in developing countries. With this as a motivation, this paper proposes a new remote labs (RLabs) solution that includes two use case experiments: Vanishing Rod and Focal Length. The hardware experiments are built at a low-cost by retrofitting Internet of Things (IoT) components. They are also made portable by designing miniaturised and modular setups. The software architecture designed as part of the solution seamlessly supports the scalability of the experiments, offering compatibility with a wide range of hardware devices and IoT platforms. Additionally, it can live-stream remote experiments without needing dedicated server space for the stream. The software architecture also includes an automation suite that periodically checks the status of the experiments using computer vision (CV). The software architecture is further assessed for its latency and performance. RLabs is qualitatively evaluated against seven non-functional attributes - affordability, portability, scalability, compatibility, maintainability, usability, and universality. Finally, user feedback was collected from a group of students, and the scores indicate a positive response to the students’ learning and the platform’s usability.

Abstract

Controller synthesis is pivotal in automating control system design from formal specifications and enhancing industrial system verification and optimization processes. This paper critically evaluates LTL-based controller synthesis, highlighting significant gaps in tool support that hinder its widespread adoption in the industry. Despite substantial theoretical progress, an apparent disparity persists between academic research outcomes and the robust, practical tools demanded by industry. Through a comprehensive evaluation, this study reveals mismatches between industrial requirements and the capabilities of current open-source tools. The findings emphasize underexplored challenges and propose future research directions and strategies for practical integration. This work aims to bridge the gap by advocating for enhanced tool support, enabling solutions that align with industrial standards and fostering the broader application of controller synthesis across various sectors.

Abstract

Cyber-physical systems (CPS), robotics, the Internet of Things (IoT), and automotive systems are integral to modern technology. They are characterized by their safety criticality, accuracy, and real-time control requirements. Control software plays a crucial role in achieving these objectives by managing and coordinating the operations of various sub-systems. This paper presents a novel systematic mapping study (SMS) for control software engineering, analyzing 115 peer-reviewed papers. The study identifies, classifies, and maps existing solutions, providing a comprehensive and structured overview for practitioners and researchers. Our contributions include (i) a unique classification of literature into six research themes—engineering phases, engineering approaches, engineering paradigms, engineering artefacts, target application domains, and engineering concerns; (ii) insights into the specificity of approaches to target technologies and phases; (iii) the prominence of model-driven approaches for design and testing; (iv) the lack of end-to-end engineering support in existing approaches; and (v) the emerging role of agile-based methods versus the dominance of waterfallbased methods. This paper’s significance lies in its thorough analysis and the high-level mapping of the solution space, offering new perspectives and a detailed roadmap for future research and innovation in control software engineering. The findings will guide advancements and best practices in the field, underscoring the paper’s impact.

Abstract

Dynamic control software reconfiguration for the Internet of Things (IoT) and cyber-physical systems (CPS) is crucial for adaptable and efficient automation. This paper presents a knowledge-driven architecture enabling dynamic device reconfiguration using the Web Ontology Language (OWL) and Terse Triple Language (TTL) formats. Key components include a capability ontology, session-type information for sequencing and concurrent operations, and an Integrated Development Environment (IDE) for automated control design. The capability ontology standardizes machine capabilities, facilitating device integration based on their capabilities, while session-type information ensures correct sequencing and synchronization of machine functions. The IDE platform supports dynamic reconfiguration by automating device selection, control strategy formulation, and system adjustments across diverse use cases. The architecture has been validated in real-world scenarios, including smart meeting rooms, warehouse automation, and energy management, showing a reduction in manual configuration time (up to 50%), development time (86% in some cases), and error rates (30%). Benchmarking results indicate faster code generation (40% improvement) and efficient component integration across different CPS environments. Challenges like computational complexity, scalability, and integration with existing systems highlight limitations. Future research will explore further optimizations and broader applicability to ensure low-latency, high-accuracy, and seamless integration in complex CPS. This work advances dynamic control software reconfiguration by providing a flexible solution that enhances CPS reliability and efficiency through a knowledgedriven approach.

Abstract

Developing control software for Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) and industrial automation faces challenges like hardware integration, real-time responsiveness, and high reliability. Traditional environments often lack domain-specific knowledge, leading to inefficiencies. This paper introduces the Knowledge-aided Integrated Development Environment (K-IDE), which integrates domain knowledge into the software lifecycle, improving efficiency, consistency, and maintainability. K-IDE uses domain-specific languages (DSLs) and knowledge graphs to automate design and code generation. Key findings show that K-IDE significantly reduces development time and errors compared to traditional IDEs, proving effective in robotics and industrial automation. K-IDE bridges the gap between abstract designs and concrete implementations, offering a robust solution for modern control software development.

Abstract

Remote Labs refer to an end-to-end system, including hardware and software built to access scientific equipment and resources remotely. The software platform built for such purposes needs to be robust enough to handle the communication of inputs and outputs between the client and the hardware nodes with minimal latency and simultaneously provide a seamless user experience. This paper highlights the importance of scalability in Remote Labs and presents multi-user multiplexing as a solution, to essentially provide users with concurrent access to the hardware node for experiments which can generate outputs instantaneously. The paper discusses the inefficiency of existing web-based Remote Labs with 4-layered architectures and proposes the use of WebSocket with a 3-layer software architecture to enhance user experience, accelerate input-output communication and implement multi-user multiplexing. To showcase the effectiveness of the proposed architecture over existing implementations using Blynk IoT platform as the middleware, a comprehensive communication pipeline was developed from scratch to perform Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL) experiment remotely.

Abstract

This paper presents a knowledge-driven approach for automated synthesis of controllers in three different use-cases. The approach addresses the engineering challenge posed by Industrie 4.0, which requires fast, reliable, and flexible integration of multiple heterogeneous hardware and software components. Manual design approaches are not scalable for large systems due to their complexity. The proposed approach captures resource-capability knowledge and uses a reasoning-based synthesis mechanism to compose a controller design for a plant goal. The approach uses domain-specific languages (DSLs) to describe the components, their interfaces, and capabilities. The generated control designs are executable codes that implement the control strategy. The proposed approach reduces the average engineering time by 70% and generates on an average 60% of the executable code in each use-case. The

Abstract

One of the key challenges for a novice engineer in a product company is to comprehend the product sufficiently and quickly. It can take anywhere from six months to several years for them to attain mastery but they need to start delivering results much before. SaaS (Software-as-a-Service) products have sophisticated system architecture which adds to the time and effort of understanding them. On the other hand, time available to new hires for product understanding continues to be short and getting shorter, given the pressure to deliver more in less time. Constructivist theory views learning as a personal process in which the learner constructs new knowledge for themselves. Building and refining a mental model is the key way in which they learn, similar to how the brain operates. This paper presents an approach to improve system comprehension process by using a system model that a) acts as a transitional object to aid and refine the mental model of the learner, and b) captures the current understanding of the dynamics of the software system in a way that can be reasoned with and simulated. We have adapted discrete systems modeling techniques and used a transition system as a lightweight modeling language. Such a model can be used by novice engineers during their product ramp-up phase to build a model of the software system that captures their knowledge of the system and aid their mental model. The paper also presents a learning approach in which the learners create and refine these models iteratively using the available and newly uncovered knowledge about the software system. We hypothesize that by leveraging this modeling