Abstract

The advances in Artificial Intelligence are creating new opportunities to improve people’s lives around the world, from business to healthcare, from lifestyle to education. For example, some systems profile the users using their demographic and behavioral characteristics to make certain domain-specific predictions. Often, such predictions impact the user’s life directly or indirectly (e.g., loan disbursement, determining insurance coverage, shortlisting applications, etc.). As a result, the concerns over such AI-enabled systems are also increasing. To address these concerns, such systems are mandated to be responsible: transparent, fair, and explainable to developers and end-users. In this paper, we present ComplAI, a unique framework to enable, observe, analyze and quantify explainability, robustness, performance, fairness, and model’s behavior in drift scenarios, and to provide a single Trust Factor that evaluates different supervised Machine Learning models not just from their ability to make correct predictions but from overall responsibility perspective. The framework helps users to (a) connect their models and enable explanations, (b) assess and visualize different aspects of the model such as robustness, drift susceptibility, and fairness, and (c) compare different models (from different model families or obtained through different hyperparameter settings) from an overall perspective thereby facilitating actionable recourse for improvement of the models. ComplAI is model agnostic and works with different supervised machine learning scenarios (i.e., Binary Classification, Multi-class Classification, and Regression) and frameworks (viz. scikit-learn, TensorFlow, etc.). It can be seamlessly integrated with any ML life-cycle framework. Thus, this already deployed framework aims to unify critical aspects of Responsible AI systems for regulating the development process of such real systems. The poster paper of ComplAI is also available

Abstract

Developing methods for extracting relevant legal information to aid legal practitioners is an active research area. In this regard, research efforts are being made by leveraging different kinds of information, such as meta-data, citations, keywords, sentences, paragraphs, etc. Similar to any text document, legal documents are composed of paragraphs. In this paper, we have analyzed the resourcefulness of paragraph-level information in capturing similarity among judgments for improving the performance of precedence retrieval. We found that the paragraph-level methods could capture the similarity among the judgments with only a few paragraph interactions and exhibit more discriminating power over the baseline document-level method. Moreover, the comparison results on two benchmark datasets for the precedence retrieval on the Indian supreme court judgments task show that the paragraph-level methods exhibit comparable performance with the state-of-the-art methods.

Abstract

This paper focuses on optimal beamforming to maximize the mean signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for a passive reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS)-aided multiple-input single-output (MISO) downlink system. We consider a realistic setting where both the direct and indirect (through RIS) links to the user equipment (UE) experience correlated Rician fading. Such a general fading model is particularly important to capture the impact of line-of-sight (LoS) and correlated multipath fading that may occur due to the compact placement of a large number of RIS elements. The assumption of passive RIS imposes the unit modulus constraint, which makes the beamforming problem non-convex. To tackle this issue, we apply semidefinite relaxation (SDR) to obtain the optimal phase-shift matrix and propose an iterative algorithm to obtain a statistically optimal solution for the transmit beamforming vector and RIS-phase shift matrix. Further, to measure the performance of the proposed beamforming scheme, we analyze key system performance metrics such as outage probability (OP) and ergodic capacity (EC). Similar to the existing works, the OP and EC evaluations rely on the numerical computation of the proposed iterative algorithm. However, this is not conducive to revealing the functional dependence of system performance on key parameters such as line-of-sight (LoS) components, correlated fading, number of reflecting elements, number of antennas at the base station (BS), and fading factor. To overcome this major limitation, we derive closed-form expressions for the optimal beamforming vector and phase shift matrix for various special cases of the above general fading model. These fixed-point solutions aid in deriving a closed-form solution for OP that further provides a direct evaluation of EC. These mathematical expressions are then used to gain useful insights into the system’s performance. We analytically establish the fact that correlated fading is more beneficial than the independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) case when the LoS components are blocked. Further, we also analytically demonstrate that the maximum mean SNR improves linearly/quadratically with the number of RIS elements in the absence/presence of LoS component under i.i.d. fading.

Abstract

With Cardiovascular Diseases on the rise around the world, Electrocardiograms (ECGs) play a crucial role in their diagnosis owing to their non-invasive nature and simplicity. Medical professionals typically use 12-lead ECGs for medical analysis but gathering 12-lead ECG data is an arduous task outside clinical setting. Modern wearables can collect an ECG with fewer leads than the standard 12 leads. However, medical professionals and conventional ECG analysis software find this reduced lead set data challenging to interpret. By using the reduced lead set data to create standard 12-lead ECG data, ECG reconstruction can solve this issue. This paper proposes a novel single-lead to multi-lead ECG reconstruction solution using a modified Attention U-net framework. Using only the lead II of ECG, our model is able to reproduce the other 11 leads of conventional 12-lead ECG with a Pearson correlation, Mean square error and R-squared value of 0.805, 0.0122 and 0.639, respectively. Further, a single combined model is used to reconstruct all 11 leads simultaneously, improving performance and simultaneously reducing the computational resources needed for training compared to current literature in the field. In comparison to previous works, which only reconstruct small ECG segments, our model is trained to reconstruct longer 10-second ECG signals. We demonstrate our model’s ability for real-life utilisation using a cardiovascular disease classification task. A deep learning model was trained for multi-disease classification on actual 12-lead ECG data and was tested on both original and reconstructed 12-lead ECG signals. The classification accuracies for the original and reconstructed signals were comparable, portraying that our reconstruction model can preserve diagnostically relevant artefacts in its reconstructed signals. This work provides a new promising solution in the field of single-lead ECG reconstruction, taking us a step closer to bridging the divide between reduced lead set data and existing 12-lead ECG end users like clinicians and automatic ECG classifiers.

Abstract

We present a Spiral Visualization that facilitates users to visually comprehend large graphs. Spiral Visualization is a representation that highlights key aspects of networks, including the number, size, and density of communities, important or central nodes within communities, centrality distribution within communities, connections between communities, and connections between nodes. To facilitate analysis and comprehension of networks using various interaction techniques, such as zooming, tooltip, and highlight, we have implemented a Spiral Visualization dashboard. We conducted a qualitative user study incorporating observation, think-aloud protocols, and participant rating of confidence and easiness to assess the usability and suitability of our visualization. The findings suggest that our visualization is appropriate for the network tasks evaluated. However, tasks requiring color comparison, such as identifying the densest community and comparing community densities were found to be more challenging to perform.

Abstract

This paper addresses the challenges faced by Indian languages in leveraging deep learning for natural language processing (NLP) due to limited resources, annotated datasets, and Transformer-based architectures. We specifically focus on Telugu and aim to construct a Telugu morph analyzer dataset comprising 10,000 sentences. Furthermore, we assess the performance of established multilingual Transformer models (m-Bert, XLMR, IndicBERT) and mono-lingual Transformer model BERT-Te (trained from scratch on an extensive Telugu corpus comprising 80,15,588 sentences). Our findings demonstrate the efficacy of Transformer-based representations pre-trained on Telugu data improved the performance of the Telugu morph analyzer, surpassing existing multi-lingual approaches. This highlights the necessity of developing dedicated corpora, annotated datasets, and machine learning models in a mono-lingual setting. Using our dataset, we present benchmark results for the Telugu morph analyzer achieved through simple fine-tuning on BERT-Te. The morph analyzer dataset 1 and codes are open-sourced and available here.

Abstract

Brain stroke has become a significant burden on global health and thus we need remedies and prevention strategies to overcome this challenge. For this, the immediate identification of stroke and risk stratification is the primary task for clinicians. To aid expert clinicians, automated segmentation models are crucial. In this work, we consider the publicly available dataset ATLAS v2.0 to benchmark various end-to-end supervised U-Net style models. Specifically, we have benchmarked models on both 2D and 3D brain images and evaluated them using standard metrics. We have achieved the highest Dice score of 0.583 on the 2D transformer-based model and 0.504 on the 3D residual U-Net respectively. We have conducted the Wilcoxon test for 3D models to correlate the relationship between predicted and actual stroke volume.

Abstract

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Abstract

Abstract: Ashish Rajadhyakshya’s recent book John-Ghatak-Tarkovsky: Citizens, Filmmakers, Hackers is the latest in a recent surge in interest in the politically provocative cinema emerging from the New wave film movement in India. This paper looks at some of the ways in which the language of the cinema of the New wave, Ritwik Ghatak in particular, makes available a re-located political field in which the local idioms of revolution and protest that marked these films finds a new modality. This new relocation can be mapped, on the one hand, onto films that emerge from and speak to these cinematic traditions, and on the other, in the intellectual interest these films have generated outside of their reformist social-realist mandate. This paper considers the stakes of the filmic afterlives and re-territorialized audiences the regional cinemas of the Indian New Wave have spawned. I suggest that as the state changes the technologies of its control, these films provide a language of resistance that simultaneously evokes a shared past and animates present day strategies of resistance.

Abstract

Folk Horror and Angry Witches This paper looks at some recent film texts, in particular, Pari (Fairy, Prosit Roy 2018), Tumbbad (Rahi Anil Barve, Anand Gandhi 2018) and Bulbul (Nightingale, Anvita Dutta, Netflix 2020), widely regarded as folk-horror (in multiple Indian languages) critiques of gender-patriarchy and capital. A re-tooling of our understanding of film grammar maps an image of the non-human anthropo-body of excess across the three texts. This body, in keeping with genre expectations, gathers its essence in the Gothic tradition of the supernatural ephemeral human shape. I propose that this image under pressure yields the spectre of an ecological unworlding – the untenability of the human. The folk-horror provides a syntax that assumes to render intelligible radically interrupted and refashioned natural processes. I contend that the push toward this genre in the last decade results in an aesthetic mediation between a fantasy of a pre-capital world and an apocalyptic climate crisis. This recasting of folk-horror allows the Anthropocene to be recast as moral failure, not what Jean Luc Nancy calls a “civilisational catastrophe”… and “philosophic earthquake.”