Abstract

Many methods have been developed for various sentence classification tasks for English, which usually exploit linguistic resources like parsers or rely on the large amount of annotated or unannotated data, making it difficult to adapt them to other languages. In this paper, we present an evaluation of popular deep learning methods for sentence classification on the morphologically rich Indian languages, specifically, Hindi and Telugu. For this purpose, we also created a question classification dataset for Hindi, by translating the TREC-UIUC dataset. We show that character based input can enhance the performance of current classification systems for morphologically rich languages. Finally, we show that our multiInput-CNN variant is able to perform better than our baselines in two out of three tasks in Hindi and Telugu, while giving comparable results for others.

Abstract

Keywords of a document are a representative of its content, and it helps to have meaningful words to facilitate search and organization of documents. Hence, finding methods that can automatically identify keywords in a document is very important as manual processes for this is very cumbersome and error-prone. If this task is accomplished for song lyrics, it has varied applications such as recommendation systems and digital music library management. This work proposes and compares methods to identify keywords from lyrics of Bollywood songs. We use a collection of lyrics of 1055 Bollywood songs, all written in the Devanagari script. Experiments include looking at the spatial distribution of the terms, their occurrence in a certain context or position, and using WordNet to generate keywords not present in the document. Validation was done by human annotators by providing a score to each method based on the results obtained on a subset of the data. We also used Latent Dirichlet Allocation and Latent Semantic Indexing to validate the results, as further explained in the paper.

Abstract

Sentiment analysis research has predominantly been on English texts. There exists many sentiment resources for English but very less exist for other languages. To improve sentiment analysis in a low resource language, sentiment labeled corpora are translated from English into the focus language and use them as additional resources for sentiment analysis research in the focus language [3]. But when text is translated from one language into another, sentiment is preserved to varying degrees. In this paper, we use product and book reviews in English as stand-in for source language text and determine loss in sentiment and sentiment predictability when they are translated into Telugu (a low resource South Asian language), manually and automatically. For this purpose, we use manually and automatically determined sentiment labels of the English text as a benchmark. We show that sentiment analysis of Telugu manual translations of English text produces competitive results w.r.t English sentiment analysis. We discover that even though machine translation ignificantly reduces the human ability to recover sentiment, automatic sentiment systems are still able to capture sentiment information from the translations in certain cases. In the process, we created a Telugu-English parallel corpus that is independently annotated for sentiment using a 5-value scale by Telugu and English speakers. We also created a Telugu lexicon annotated at both sentiment and emphasis level.

Abstract

Resource poor languages, like Odia, inherently lack the necessary resources and tools for the task of sentiment analysis to give promising results. With more user-generated raw data readily available today, it is of prime importance to have annotated corpora from various domains. This paper is a first attempt towards building an annotated corpus of Odia poetry with sentiment labels. The annotated corpus is further used for sentiment classification using machine learning techniques in order to establish a baseline. Stylistic variations and structural differences between poetic and non-poetic texts make the task of sentiment classification challenging for the former. Using the annotated corpus of poems, we obtained comparable accuracies across various classification models. Linear-SVM outperformed other classifiers with a macro F1- Score of 0.68. The annotated corpus contains a total of 730 Odia Poems of various genres with a vocabulary of more than 23k words. Fleiss Kappa score of 0.83 was obtained which corresponds to near perfect agreement among the annotators.

Abstract

Movies are one of the most prominent means of entertainment. The widespread use of the Internet in recent times has led to large volumes of data related to movies being generated and shared online. People often prefer to express their views online in English as compared to other local languages. This leaves us with a very little amount of data in languages apart from English to work on. To overcome this, we created the Multi-Language Movie Review Dataset (MLMRD). The dataset consists of genre, rating, and synopsis of a movie across multiple languages, namely Hindi, Telugu, Tamil, Malayalam, Korean, French, and Japanese. The genre of a movie can be identified by its synopsis. Though the rating of a movie may depend on multiple factors like the performance of actors, screenplay, direction etc but in most of the cases, synopsis plays a crucial role in the movie rating. In this work, we provide various model architectures that can be used to predict the genre and the rating of a movie across various languages present in our dataset based on the synopsis

Abstract

In a multilingual or sociolingual configuration Intra-sentential Code Switching (ICS) or Code Mixing (CM) is frequently observed nowadays. In the world most of the people know more than one language. The CM usage is especially apparent in social media platforms. Moreover, ICS is particularly significant in the context of technology, health and law where conveying the upcoming developments are difficult in ones native language. In applications like dialog systems, machine translation, semantic parsing, shallow parsing, etc. CM and Code Switching pose serious challenges. To do any further advancement in code-mixed data, the necessary step is Language Identification. So, in this paper we present a study of various models - Nave Bayes Classifier, Random Forest Classifier, Conditional Random Field (CRF) and Hidden Markov Model (HMM) for Language Identification in English - Telugu Code Mixed Data. Considering the paucity of resources in code mixed languages, we proposed CRF model and HMM model for word level language identification. Our best performing system is CRF-based with an f1-score of 0.91.

Abstract

Code-Mixing (CM) is a very commonly observed mode of communication in a multilingual configuration. The trends of using this newly emerging language has its effect as a culling option especially in platforms like social media. This becomes particularly important in the context of technology and health, where expressing the upcoming advancements is difficult in native language. Despite the change of such language dynamics, current dialog systems cannot handle a switch between languages across sentences and mixing within a sentence. Everyday conversations are fabricated in this mixed language and analyzing dialog acts in this language is very essential in further advancements of making interaction with personal assistants more natural. The problem is further compounded with crossing the script barriers in code-mixing. In this paper we take the first step towards understanding code-mixing in dialog …

Abstract

In this paper, we look at domain independent keyword identification for natural language queries using statistical methods. We took queries supplemented by only their dependency tags (Stanford Parser) and part-of-speech tags (Stanford POS tagger) and labeled the keywords. We then delexicalised the training data, and used the Conditional Random Fields algorithm to learn these labels. We used the queries created by [1] in the course management domain for training, and tested our model on the queries of three domains: course management, library and the GeoQueries250 dataset and report fairly high accuracies of 90.65%, 83.19% and 97.13% respectively, making our model a truly domain independent and highly accurate keyword identifier.

Abstract

Transfer learning algorithms can be used when sufficient amount of training data is available in the source domain and limited training data is available in the target domain. The transfer of knowledge from one domain to another requires similarity between two domains. In many resource-poor languages, it is rare to find labeled training data in both the source and target domains. Active learning algorithms, which query more labels from an oracle, can be used effectively in training the source domain when an oracle is available in the source domain but not available in the target domain. Active learning strategies are subjective as they are designed by humans. It can be time consuming to design a strategy and it can vary from one human to other. To tackle all these problems, we design a learning algorithm that connects transfer learning and active learning with the well-known multi-armed bandit problem by querying …

Abstract

As a discipline of Natural Language Processing, Sentiment Analysis is used to extract and analyze subjective information present in natural language data. The task of Sentiment Analysis has acquired wide commercial uses including social media monitoring tasks, survey responses, review systems, etc. Languages like English have several resources which aid in the task of Sentiment Analysis. SentiWord-Net and Subjectivity WordList are examples of such tools and resources. With more data being available in native vernacular, language-specific SentiWordNet (s) have become essential. For resource poor languages, creating such SentiWordNet (s) is a difficult task to achieve. One solution is to use available resources in English and translate the final source lexicon to target lexicon via machine translation. Machine translation systems for the English-Odia language pair have not yet been developed. In this paper, we discuss a method to create a SentiWordNet for Odia, which is resource-poor, by only using resources which are currently available for Indian languages. The lexicon created, would serve as a tool for Sentiment Analysis related task specific to Odia data.