Abstract

Structural engineering plays an essential role in designing, improving, and optimizing an electromechanical system, instinctively affecting its performance. In this study, design optimization, finite element analysis, and experimental evaluation of capacitive pressure sensors were conducted. The air pressure sensing application was demonstrated to characterize different sensors, which include a combination of multiple rectangular cantilevers and diaphragms (square and circular-shaped). After the design improvement, we found that the square and circular diaphragms each with two trapezoidal cantilevers exhibited highest sensitivity to air pressure monitoring among the different investigated designs which combine the square and circular diaphragms with cantilevers. These designs were then selected for further analysis for acoustic pressure monitoring. The sensors were fabricated using the doit-yourself technique with household materials such as post-it paper, posted tape, and foil. Our approach offers an alternative to the conventional cleanroom fabrication technique and uses easily available materials to fabricate affordable sensors. Therefore, this is the first step toward the development of democratized and sustainable electronic devices that are affordable and available to everyone on the internet. Index Terms—Capacitive sensing, air pressure sensing, acoustic pressure sensing, paper electronics, democratized electronics, affordable electronics, structural engineering.

Abstract

Viscosity measurement has wide ranging applications from oil industry to pharmaceutical industry. However, measuring viscosity in real-time is not a facile process. This paper provides an elaborate mathematical model and study of viscosity measurement in real-time using pressure sensors. For a given flowrate, a change in liquid viscosity gives rise to a change in pressure difference across a particular section of the pipe. Hence, by recording the pressure change, viscosity can be calculated dynamically. A mathematical model as well as a finite element analysis model has been presented to determine viscosity from flowrate and pressure difference. A set of pressure sensors can be placed at a fixed distance from each other to get the real- time pressure change, while flowrate can be obtained using a flowmeter. For the finite element analysis, the pressure sensors were placed 60 mm away from each other. The radius of the pipe was 19 mm. A mixture of water and glycerol, with different ratios, was used to provide variable viscosity. Index Terms—Viscosity, Flowrate, Microfluidic channel, Pressure sensor, Real-time measurement

Abstract

Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) are small-scale devices capable of producing motion using electrical energy as input. In this work, we present the determination of thermal and mechanical properties of SU-8, which is an emerging structural material for MEMS applications. We have experimentally calculated the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), thermal conductivity, and specific heat capacity of SU-8 as 29.68 ppm °C−1, 0.17 , and 1.6 , respectively. We observe a non-linear relationship between the input power with the displacement achieved by an SU-8-based thermal actuator because of the hyperelastic behavior of the material. The non-linearity in the experimental results has been explained using the two-parameter Mooney–Rivlin model. With our experimental data, we found the parameters for the uniaxial tensile stress, as Pa and Pa

Abstract

The paper presents a sub-nW gate-leakage based voltage and current reference in a single circuit whose reference values are scalable and doesn’t incorporate start-up circuits or resistors in the architecture. The power consumption of the proposed circuit increases by only 2.1x in the temperature range of -55°C to 100°C, unlike conventional voltage/current references where the power consumption increases exponentially w.r.t temperature. Implemented in 90nm technology, the proposed voltage reference (current reference) achieves post-trim typical accuracy of 22ppm/°C(58ppm/°C) and worst-case accuracy of 71ppm/°C(78ppm/°C). Excellent line sensitivities of 0.029%/V and 0.059%/V are observed for voltage and current reference respectively, in a supply range of 1V - 3V. Without any start-up circuit, the observed 99% settling times for voltage and current reference are 1.92ms and 2.526ms respectively. The area occupied by the total circuit is 0.0015mm 2 , while the power consumption is 156pW at typical corner, 27°C and 1V supply.

Abstract

The present description relates to a method based on artifi cial intelligence to implement a wide range of microelec tronic circuits that can adapt by themselves to the usage conditions ( e.g. loading changes ) , manufacturing variances or defects ( e.g. process variations , device parameter mis matches , device model inaccuracies or changes , etc. ) , as well as environmental conditions ( e.g. voltage , temperature , interference ) in order to negate all or part of their effects on the circuit performance characteristics and achieve a very tight set of specifications over the wide range of conditions . Each microelectronic circuit is represented by a neural network model whose behavior is a function of the actual input signals , the usage and environmental conditions . An attached AI engine will infer from the model , the input signals , the usage conditions and the environmental condi tions and create the adaptive changes required to modify the microelectronic circuit's behavior to negate all or part of their effects on the circuit performance characteristics and to achieve a very tight set of specifications .

Abstract

Electrocardiography (ECG) is a well-known noninvasive technique in medical science that provides information about the heart’s rhythm and current conditions. Automatic ECG arrhythmia diagnosis relieves doctors’ workload and improves diagnosis effectiveness and efficiency. This study proposes an automatic end-to-end 2D CNN (two-dimensional convolution neural networks) deep learning method with an effective DenseNet model for addressing arrhythmias recognition. To begin, the proposed model is trained and evaluated on the 97720 and 141404 beat images extracted from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology-Beth Israel Hospital (MIT-BIH) arrhythmia and St. Petersburg Institute of Cardiological Technics (INCART) datasets (both are imbalanced class datasets) using a stratified 5-fold evaluation strategy. The data is classified into four groups: N (normal), V (ventricular ectopic), S (supraventricular ectopic), and F (fusion), based on the Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation® (AAMI). The experimental results show that the proposed model outperforms state-of-the-art models for recognizing arrhythmias, with the accuracy of 99.80% and 99.63%, precision of 98.34% and 98.94%, and F1-score of 98.91% and 98.91% on the MIT-BIH arrhythmia and INCART datasets, respectively. Using a transfer learning mechanism, the proposed model is also evaluated with only five individuals of supraventricular MIT-BIH arrhythmia and five individuals of European ST-T datasets (both of which are also class imbalanced) and achieved satisfactory results. So, the proposed model is more generalized and could be a prosperous …

Abstract

This paper presents the design, fabrication, and characterization of a thin-film Cr-Al-Cr (300 A°-1500 A°-300 A°) metal stack heater specially designed for chemical reactions which occur at a uniform temperature in the lab on a chip platform such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) applications. The heater has been designed using COMSOL Multiphysics. The simulated design has been fabricated using lithography and patterning on a 5 × 5 cm2 glass substrate. For the validation of the proposed design thermal study of the fabricated heater has also been done using a FLIR IR camera. A very good agreement between the thermal image of modeled and fabricated heater has been achieved. This demonstrates the suitability of the proposed heater for PCR reaction applications.

Abstract

This index covers all technical items—papers, correspondence, reviews, etc.—that appeared in this periodical during 2022, and items from previous years that were commented upon or corrected in 2022. Departments and other items may also be covered if they have been judged to have archival value. The Author Index contains the primary entry for each item, listed under the first author’s name. The primary entry includes the coauthors’ names, the title of the paper or other item, and its location, specified by the publication abbrevia- tion, year, month, and inclusive pagination. The Subject Index contains entries describing the item under all appropriate subject headings, plus the first author’s name, the publication abbreviation, month, and year, and inclusive pages. Note that the item title is found only under the primary entry in the Author Index.

Abstract

A Novel Smart Belt for Anxiety Detection, Classification, and Reduction Using IIoMT on Students’ Cardiac Signal and MSY

Abstract

Increasing demands of wearable health monitoring seek dedicated spectrum for short range wireless communication of biosignals, for which frequency band near 400 MHz has been utilized recently. While using the dedicated spectrum, biosignal communication must not cause any out of band radiations and interference, for which there is a strong need to develop spur- free, low phase noise and energy efficient wireless transmitters (TX). In this research, for the first time we present design and implementation of a reference-spur-free, low phase noise, sub-mW dual modulation mode (frequency shift keying (FSK) and on-off keying (OOK)) 400 MHz TX for wearable health monitoring, where RF synthesis depends solely on an extremely low phase noise oscillator, which uses a 400 MHz surface acoustic wave resonator and does not include any power hungry, spur- generating frequency multiplier or phase/frequency lock loop. The proposed TX has been designed and fabricated in 180 nm CMOS technology. Measurement results show that the energy efficiencies of the proposed TX in FSK and OOK mode are 1.8 nJ/bit at 250 kb/s and 0.23 nJ/bit at 2 Mb/s, respectively. To prove the utility of the proposed TX, biosignal communication is also demonstrated with the help of a commercial receiver in actual operating scenarios, where the measured bit error rate in FSK mode was < 10−5 for range of 2 m. Index Terms—Health-monitoring, wearable, spur-free, trans- mitter, FSK, OOK, 400 MHz, MedRadio