Abstract

The current study examines the role of constraints in well-defined problem-solving in ill-defined problem-solving. We chose variants of Raven’s advanced progressive matri- ces(APM) for well-defined problem-solving and creative rea- soning tasks (CRT) for ill-defined problem-solving. Using traditional APM, we created a novel version of APM with comparatively lesser constraints available to solve the puzzle, called creative APM(cAPM). The cAPM task was designed to induce divergent thinking along with convergent thinking. It is assumed that the difference in constraints changes the na- ture of the problem space in solving APM and cAPM and may differently affect the following creative reasoning task. We randomly assigned 50 participants to perform APM or cAPM, followed by the CRT, in a fixed order. We observed a sig- nificant effect of constraints available to solve well-defined problems on ill-defined problem-solving. The current result showed higher CRT scores when CRT preceded cAPM (Me- dian = 79.25) than APM (Median = 53.00). The result sug- gests that the flexibility in constraints to solve a well-defined problem induces more divergent thinking alongside convergent thinking and facilitates creative thinking required in ill-defined problem-solving.

Abstract

Link forecasting in a temporal Knowledge Graph (tKG) in- volves predicting a future event from a given set of past events. Most previous studies suffered from reduced performance as they disregarded acyclic rules and enforced a tight constraint that all past events must exist in a strict temporal order. This paper proposes a novel explainable rule-based link forecasting framework by introducing two new concepts, namely ‘relaxed temporal cyclic and acyclic random walks’ and ‘link-star rules’. The former concept involves generating rules by performing cyclic and acyclic random walks on a tKG by taking into account the real-world phenomenon that the order of any two events may be ignored if their oc- currence time gap is within a threshold value. Link-star rules are a special class of acyclic rules generated based on the natural phenomenon that history repeats itself after a particular time. Link-star rules eliminate the problem of combinatorial rule explosion, thereby making our frame- work practicable. Experimental results demonstrate that our framework outperforms the state-of-the-art by a substantial margin. The evaluation measures hits@1 and mean reciprocal rank were improved by 45% and 23%, respectively. Keywords: Knowledge Graphs · Graph Analytics · Forecasting

Abstract

Bayesian Optimization (BO) is used to find the global optima of black box functions. In this work, we propose a practical BO method of function compositions where the form of the composition is known but the constituent functions are expensive to evaluate. By assuming an independent Gaussian process (GP) model for each of the constituent black-box function, we propose EI and UCB based BO algorithms and demonstrate their ability to outperform vanilla BO and the current state-of-art algorithms. We demonstrate a novel application of the proposed methods to dynamic pricing in revenue management when the underlying demand function is expensive to evaluate.

Abstract

This paper presents the analysis and results of a data-driven approach for fault detection and isolation in case of complete failure of a single motor on a hexacopter. The proposed approach consists of a two-stage architecture using the Rotation Forest algorithm, which can detect faults without any false alarms and achieve a true positive classification rate of 92.6% and a false positive classification rate of 0.06%. The classification results are compared to other methods such as Logistic Regression, Gaussian Naive Bayes, AdaBoost, and Random Forest. Over 120 datasets containing approximately 21,000 data points are generated in simulation - divided into two sets for training and validation of the model. Outdoor flight tests are performed to validate the classifier algorithm further. We can detect and classify the fault within 60ms of its occurrence. A dataset is published in the open-source domain and can be used for training similar models. The work presented in this paper is data-driven (or model free) since the classifier has no knowledge of the parameters of the UAV and is derived only based on the functional relationship between input and output variables.

Abstract

Music processing is a complex and intriguing phenomenon that has garnered extensive research interest in recent years. In this study, we investigated neural representations of music features by analyzing blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) signal fMRI activations of selected regions of interest during a continuous listening task. Additionally, we compared these activations to the hidden layer activations of a special class of deep neural networks (DNNs). Using representational similarity analysis, we found a strong correlation between low-level music feature encoding in the human brain regions of the Superior Temporal Gyrus (STG) and Heschl’s gyrus (HG) to the hidden layers of the DNN encoder. Our results suggest that self-supervised DNNs can serve as a reliable architecture to study the music processing domain, which is crucial considering the absence of naturalistic listening conditions in prior research Keywords: neural networks, representation similarity analysis, music cognition, music encoding, neuromusicology

Abstract

A reliable critic is central to on-policy actor-critic learning. But it becomes challenging to learn a reliable critic in a multi-agent sparse reward scenario due to two factors: 1) The joint action space grows exponentially with the number of agents 2) This, combined with the reward sparseness and environment noise, leads to large sample requirements for accurate learning. We show that regularising the critic with spectral normalization (SN) enables it to learn more robustly, even in multi-agent on-policy sparse reward scenarios. Our experiments show that the regularised critic is quickly able to learn from the sparse rewarding experience in the complex SMAC and RWARE domains. These findings highlight the importance of regularisation in the critic for stable learning.

Abstract

Recent advances in Reinforcement Learning (RL) have led to many exciting applications. These advancements have been driven by improvements in both algorithms and engineering, which have resulted in faster training of RL agents. We present marl-jax, a multi-agent reinforcement learning software package for training and evaluating social generalization of the agents. The package is designed for training a population of agents in multi-agent environments and evaluating their ability to generalize to diverse background agents. It is built on top of DeepMind's JAX ecosystem~\cite{deepmind2020jax} and leverages the RL ecosystem developed by DeepMind. Our framework marl-jax is capable of working in cooperative and competitive, simultaneous-acting environments with multiple agents. The package offers an intuitive and user-friendly command-line interface for training a population and evaluating its generalization capabilities. In conclusion, marl-jax provides a valuable resource for researchers interested in exploring social generalization in the context of MARL. The open-source code for marl-jax is available at: \href{this https URL}{this https URL}

Abstract

Diurnal variation of atmospheric CO2 and its driving factors are studied using high-precision in situ mixing ratio measurements and stable carbon isotopic CO2 (δ 13C-CO2) for the first time over Shadnagar, a suburban site in India, from November 2018 to October 2019. The annual mean mixing ratios of atmospheric CO2 and δ 13 C-CO2 are observed to be 414.76 ± 4.26 ppm and −11.19 ‰ ± 1.63 ‰. Maximum diurnal variability of atmospheric CO 2 was observed in summer monsoon (17.30 ± 9.29 ppm), and the minimum was noticed in winter (7.19 ± 0.11 ppm), indicating strong seasonality in diurnal variability of amplitude. To characterize the atmospheric CO 2 sources, the Miller-Tans model was implemented separately using the CO2 and its δ 13 C-CO2 isotopic data during day and night. However, a strong source signature of δ 13C-CO2 was observed during the night-time of summer monsoon with a slope of −37.42‰ ± 0.73‰, obtained using a reduced major axis regression. The identified source indicates possible emissions from fossil fuel combustion. Further, a Lagrangian back trajectory analysis was performed to study the influence of transport on the observed CO2 mixing ratios. The model trajectory confirms the influence of the Indian summer monsoon on the variations of atmospheric CO 2 mixing ratios. Our study shows that fossil fuel emissions are one of the major contributors of CO 2 in the study location (about ∼2 to 4 ppm) with biogenic fluxes adding a clear seasonality ranging from −8 to 4 ppm.

Abstract

The study reports diurnal and seasonal variations of atmospheric CO2 across multiple locations in India using the dedicated ground-based observations, satellite observations and model simulations. Data from seven sites collected during different time periods are analysed to understand the role of biospheric, fossil fuel fluxes on diurnal and seasonal variations of atmospheric CO2. The study also examines the impact of land use/land cover on the variability of atmospheric CO2 concentration. Results show that CO2 mixing ratios are highest during night and lowest in the afternoon. Ponmudi station shows homogeneous daily CO2 mixing ratios because of an active ecosystem and free of boundary layer influence. A high altitude site Ooty exhibits higher diurnal and seasonal variations, possibly due to entrapped emissions from tourism and settlements, while Nagpur’s (an urban site), CO2 mixing ratios remain moderate throughout the year due to active plantations. The observed CO2 is further compared with the simulations from atmospheric chemistry-transport model. The model is able to cap- ture the observed seasonal cycle all over the study locations.

Abstract

Cocaine use disorder (CUD) is described as a compulsive urge to seek and consume cocaine despite the inimical consequences. MRI studies from different modalities have shown that CUD patients exhibit structural and/or functional connectivity pathology among several brain regions. Nevertheless, both connectivities are commonly studied and analyzed separately, which may potentially obscure its relationship between them, and with the clinical pathology. Here, we compare and contrast structural and functional brain networks in CUD patients and healthy controls (HC) using multimodal fusion. The sample consisted of 63 (8 females) CUD patients and 42 (9 females) healthy controls (HC), recruited as part of the SUDMEX CONN database. For this, we computed a battery of graph-based measures from multi-shell diffusion-weighted imaging and resting state fc-fMRI to quantify local and global connectivity. Then we used multimodal canonical component analysis plus joint independent component analysis (mCCA+jICA) to compare between techniques, and evaluate group differences and its association with clinical alteration. Unimodal results showed a striatal decrease in the participation coefficient, but applied supervised data fusion revealed other regions with cocaine-related alterations in joint functional communication. When performing multimodal fusion analysis, we observed a higher centrality of the interrelationship and a lower participation coefficient in patients with CUD. In contrast to the unimodal approach, the multimodal fusion method was able to reveal latent information about brain regions involved in impairment due to cocaine abuse. The present results could help in understanding the pathology of CUD in order to develop better pre-treatment/post-treatment intervention designs. Keywords: Cocaine use disorder; Imaging; Graph theory; sMRI; fMRI; Multimodal fusion; mCCA + jICA