Abstract

We investigate epidemic spreading in a deterministic susceptible-infected-susceptible model on uncorrelated heterogeneous networks with higher-order interactions. We provide a recipe for the construction of one-dimensional reduced model (resilience function) of the N-dimensional susceptible-infected-susceptible dynamics in the presence of higher-order interactions. Utilizing this reduction process, we are able to capture the microscopic and macroscopic behavior of infectious networks. We find that the microscopic state of nodes (fraction of stable healthy individual of each node) inversely scales with their degree, and it becomes diminished due to the presence of higher-order interactions. In this case, we analytically obtain that the macroscopic state of the system (fraction of infectious or healthy population) undergoes abrupt transition. Additionally, we quantify the network’s resilience, i.e., how the topological changes affect the stable infected population. Finally, we provide an alternative framework of dimension reduction based on the spectral analysis of the network, which can identify the critical onset of the disease in the presence or absence of higher-order interactions. Both reduction methods can be extended for a large class of dynamical models.

Abstract

Signal propagation in complex networks drives epidemics, is responsible for information going viral, promotes trust and facilitates moral behavior in social groups, enables the development of misinformation detection algorithms, and it is the main pillar supporting the fascinating cognitive abilities of the brain, to name just some examples. The geometry of signal propagation is determined as much by the network topology as it is by the diverse forms of nonlinear interactions that may take place between the nodes. Advances are therefore often system dependent and have limited translational potential across domains. Given over two decades worth of research on the subject, the time is thus certainly ripe, indeed the need is urgent, for a comprehensive review of signal propagation in complex networks. We here first survey different models that determine the nature of interactions between the nodes, including epidemic models, Kuramoto models, diffusion models, cascading failure models, and models describing neuronal dynamics. Secondly, we cover different types of complex networks and their topologies, including temporal networks, multilayer networks, and neural networks. Next, we cover network time series analysis techniques that make use of signal propagation, including network correlation analysis, information transfer and nonlinear correlation tools, network reconstruction, source localization and link prediction, as well as approaches based on artificial intelligence. Lastly, we review applications in epidemiology, social dynamics, neuroscience, engineering, and robotics. Taken together, we thus provide the reader with an up-to-date review of the complexities associated with the network’s role in propagating signals in the hope of better harnessing this to devise innovative applications across engineering, the social and natural sciences as well as to inspire future research.

Abstract

Pneumonia is a microorganism infection that causes chronic inflammation of the human lung cells. Chest X-ray imaging is the most well-known screening approach used for detecting pneumonia in the early stages. While chest-Xray images are mostly blurry with low illumination, a strong feature extraction approach is required for promising identification performance.

Abstract

In recent days, the application of cloud computing has been gaining significant popularity among people. A considerable amount of data are being stored in the cloud server. However, data owners outsource their encrypted data to the cloud for various security reasons. Unfortunately, encrypted data cannot be searched, like plaintext data. So how to search encrypted data is an interesting problem in this era. Many public key encryption with keyword search (PEKS) schemes have been designed in the literature. However, most of them cannot prevent keyword-guessing attacks. In this paper, we develop a provably secure PEKS scheme in the random oracle model. This scheme may be used for secure email access from an email server containing a list of encrypted keywords. The proposed scheme can resist keyword-guessing attacks, and offer ciphertext and trapdoor indistinguishability properties. We use the data owner’s private key during encryption to prevent keyword-guessing attacks. Using the data owner’s public key in the verification phase ensures the resilience of keyword-guessing attacks. Finally, the proposed scheme has been tested on a real testbed, and the results show that it can be used in the cloud computing scenario to search for keywords on encrypted data

Abstract

In this work, Nested Monte Carlo (NMC) simulation was done for symmetric and asymmetric ionic systems where the energy function is described by a combination of hard-sphere and Coulomb interaction (the primitive model). In the NMC method, Monte Carlo (MC) moves for the primary chain (where the energy function is the primitive model) is given by running a short MC trajectory using an auxiliary potential reducing the computational cost significantly. The Debye-Hückel (DH) potential was used as the auxiliary potential in our work. It is shown that with a careful choice of Debye length in the DH potential, and length of the short MC run in the auxiliary chain, the NMC method gives the same result as the more expensive MC simulation using full Ewald summation in the primitive model. Implementing

Abstract

We give a comprehensive characterisation of the computational power of shallow quantum circuits combined with classical computation. Specifically, for classes of search problems, we show that the following statements hold, relative to a random oracle: (a) BPPQNCBPP ≠ BQP. This refutes Jozsa’s conjecture in the random oracle model. As a result, this gives the first instantiatable separation between the classes by replacing the oracle with a cryptographic hash function, yielding a resolution to one of Aaronson’s ten semi-grand challenges in quantum computing. (b) BPPQNC ⊈ QNCBPP and QNCBPP ⊈ BPPQNC. This shows that there is a subtle interplay between classical computation and shallow quantum computation. In fact, for the second separation, we establish that, for some problems, the ability to perform adaptive measurements in a single shallow quantum circuit, is more useful than the ability to perform polynomially many shallow quantum circuits

Abstract

Speech is produced by exciting time-varying vocal tract with time-varying impulse-like excitations called epochs. In the literature, epoch extraction methods performed well on clean speech, but, detecting epoch locations from the band-limited signal like telephonic speech is difficult due to loss of information at low frequencies. This paper proposes a Stockwell transform (S-Transform)-based method that can find epochs accurately from the telephonic speech. The frequency-dependent Gaussian window and localization capabilities of S-Transform will reduce the effect of the bandpass nature of the telephonic channel. The telephonic channel is simulated using a 300–3400 Hz bandpass filter

Abstract

The stable functionality of networked systems is a hallmark of their natural ability to coordinate between their multiple interacting components. Yet, real-world networks often appear random and highly irregular, raising the question of what are the naturally emerging organizing principles of complex system stability. The answer is encoded within the system’s stability matrix—the Jacobian—but is hard to retrieve, due to the scale and diversity of the relevant systems, their broad parameter space and their nonlinear interaction dynamics. Here we introduce the dynamic Jacobian ensemble, which allows us to systematically investigate the fixed-point dynamics of a range of relevant network-based models. Within this ensemble, we find that complex systems exhibit discrete stability classes

Abstract

A random access code (RAC) is an important communication protocol to obtain information about a randomly specified substring of an n-bit string, while only having limited information about the n-bit string. Quantum RACs usually utilize either communication of quantum bits or a shared-in-advance quantum state used in conjunction with classical communication. Here we consider the latter version of the quantum protocols under the constraint of single-bit communication and with a shared arbitrary state of two qubits. Taking the worst-case success probability as the figure of merit, we demonstrate that any state with an invertible correlation matrix can be used to outperform the best classical RAC for n=3. We derive an additional condition sufficient to beat the best classical performance in the case of n=2. In particular, separable states turn out to be a useful resource behind the quantum advantage for n=2,3. For n≥4, RACs assisted with a single copy of a quantum state do not outperform the classical RACs.

Abstract

Quantum thermodynamics can be naturally phrased as a theory of quantum state transformation and energy exchange for small-scale quantum systems undergoing thermodynamical processes, thereby making the resource theoretical approach very well suited. A key resource in thermodynamics is the extractable work, forming the backbone of thermal engines. Therefore it is of interest to characterize quantum states based on their ability to serve as a source of work. From a near-term perspective, quantum optical setups turn out to be ideal test beds for quantum thermodynamics; so it is important to assess work extraction from quantum optical states. Here, we show that Gaussian states are typically useless for Gaussian work extraction. More specifically, by exploiting the “concentration of measure” phenomenon, we prove that the probability that the Gaussian extractable work from a zero-mean energy-bounded multimode random Gaussian state is nonzero is exponentially small. This result can be thought of as an -no-go theorem for work extraction from Gaussian states under Gaussian unitaries, thereby revealing a fundamental limitation on the quantum thermodynamical usefulness of Gaussian compo