Abstract

This paper explores P¯an. inian Grammar (PG) as an information processing device in terms of ‘how’, ‘how much’ and ‘where’ languages encode information. PG is based on a morphologically rich language, Sanskrit. We apply PG on English and see how the P¯an. inian perspective would deal with it from the information theoretical point of view and its effectiveness in machine translation. We analyze English phrases defining sup (nominal inflections) and ti ˙n (finite verb inflections) and compare them with the notion of pada (an inflected word form) and samasta-pada (compound) in Sanskrit. Sanskrit encodes relations between nouns and adjectives and nouns in apposition through agreement between gender, number and case markers, whereas English encodes them through positions. As a result, constituents are formed. It appears that an English phrase contains more than one pada, hence, cannot be similar to a pada. However, we show the linguistic similarities between a pada, samasta-pada and ‘phrase’.

Abstract

In this paper, we present hybrid approaches for pronominal reference type (abstract or concrete) identification and event anaphora resolution for Hindi. Pronominal reference type identification is one of the important parts for any anaphora resolution system as it helps anaphora resolver in optimal feature selection based on pronominal reference types. We use language specific rules and features in set of classifiers (ensemble learning) for pronominal type identification. We discuss event referring anaphors (pronouns) and their resolution using Paninian dependency grammar, language syntax, proximity of events, etc. We achieved around 9̃0% accuracy in the pronominal reference type identification and around 7̃1% F-score in the event anaphora resolution on Hindi dependency tree-bank corpus.

Abstract

Shouted speech signals have been studied mostlyfor utterances or word segments. In the production features derived over these segments, the differences between normal and shouted speech may sometimes be masked by variations due to pauses and unvoiced regions. Also, our recent study of electroglottograph signals has highlighted the usefulness of examining changes in the glottal excitation source characteristics during production of shouted speech. In this paper we examine changes in the shout production features in the vowel regions,that are found automatically by using the knowledge of accurate vowel onset points and epochs. Vowel regions are produced by periodic impulse-like excitation and contain relatively high signal energy. Hence the source features the instantaneous fundamental frequency and strength of excitation are examined, along with the filter feature the dominant frequency, for five different steady vowel regions. Changes in these features, that distinguish between normal and shouted speech, are more prominent in the automatically found vowel regions than for the entire word segments. This insight can help improving the automatic shout detection and other paralinguistic applications where acoustic cues need to be found in the vowel regions, e.g., detection of emotion categories.

Abstract

Automatic detection of shout prosody in continuous speech signal involves examining changes in its production characteristics. Our recent study of electroglottograph signals highlighted that significant changes occur in the glottal excitation source characteristics during production of shouted speech, especially in the vowel contexts. But the differences between normal and shouted speech, in the production features derived over utterances or word segments, may be masked sometimes by pauses or unvoiced regions related variations. Also, for such a real-time system, these vowel regions need to be found automatically. In this paper, changes in the shout production features are examined in the automatically detected vowel regions. Production of a vowel involves periodic impulse-like excitation and relatively high signal energy. Hence, the knowledge of epochs using zero-frequency filtering, and accurate vowel onset points can be used for detecting these regions. Changes in two excitation source features, the instantaneous fundamental frequency and strength of excitation, and in a vocal tract filter feature the dominant frequency, are examined for five steady vowel regions. Larger changes in these distinguishing features are observed in the automatically found vowel regions, than in word segments. This approach can help improving the systems for automatic detection of shout regions in continuous speech, and in paralinguistic applications that involve detection of prosody or emotions

Abstract

In recent years, text-to-speech (TTS) systems have shown considerable improvement as far as the quality of the synthetic speech is concerned. Data driven synthesis methods using syllable as basic unit for concatenation, have proved to generate high quality speech for Indian Languages because of their advantage of prosodic matching function. However, still there is no acceptable solution to the optimal selection of speech segments in terms of audible discontinuities and human perception. This problem gets aggravated in the cases where there is no enough data for building the voice due to the missing units. In this paper, we continue our efforts in trying to address this by investigating the use of a new continuity measure based on maximum signal correlation for optimal selection of units in concatenative text-to-speech (TTS) synthesis framework. We explore two formulations for calculating the signal correlation: cross correlation (CC) based and average magnitude difference function (AMDF) based. We first perform an initial experiment to understand the significance of the approach and then build 5 experimental systems. Evaluations on 30 sentences for each of these languages by native users of the language show that the proposed continuity measure results in more natural sounding synthesis.

Abstract

The present study focuses on the text-independent speaker recognition in emotional conditions. In this paper, both system and source features are considered to represent speaker specific information. At the model level, Gaussian Mixture Models (GMMs), Gaussian Mixture Model-Universal Background Model (GMM-UBM) and Deep Neural Networks (DNN) are explored. The experiments are performed using 3 emotional databases, i.e. German emotional speech database (EMO-DB), IITKGP-SESC: Hindi and IITKGP-SESC: Telugu databases. The emotions considered in the present study are neutral, anger, happy and sad. The results show that, the performance of a speaker recognition system trained with clean speech is degrading while testing with emotional data irrespective of feature used or model used to build the system. The best results are obtained for the score level fusion of system and source features based systems when speakers are modeled with DNNs.

Abstract

Due to increase of online product reviews posted daily through various modalities such as video, audio and text, sentimental analysis has gained huge attention. Recent developments in web technologies have also enabled the increase of web content in Hindi. In this paper, an approach to detect the sentiment of an online Hindi product reviews based on its multi-modality natures (audio and text) is presented. For each audio input, Mel Frequency Cepstral Coefficients (MFCC) features are extracted. These features are used to develop a sentiment models using Gaussian Mixture Models (GMM) and Deep Neural Network (DNN) classifiers. From results, it is observed that DNN classifier gives better results compare to GMM. Further textual features are extracted from the transcript of the audio input by using Doc2vec vectors. Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier is used to develop a sentiment model using these textual features. From experimental results it is observed that combining both the audio and text features results in improvement in the performance for detecting the sentiment of an online product reviews.

Abstract

Internet users today prefer getting precise answers to their questions rather than sifting through a bunch of relevant documents provided by search engines. This has led to the huge popularity of Community Question Answering (cQA) services like Yahoo! Answers, Baidu Zhidao, Quora, Stack Over flowetc., where forum users respond to questions with precise answers. Over time, such cQA archives become rich repositories of knowledge encoded in the form of questions and user generated answers. In cQA archives, retrieval of similar questions, which have already been answered in some form, is important for improving the effectiveness of such forums. The main challenge while retrieving similar questions is the “lexico-syntactic” gap between the user query and the questions already present in the forum. In this paper, we pro-pose a novel approach called “Deep Structured Topic Model (DSTM)” to bridge the lexico-syntactic gap between the question posed by the user and forum questions. DSTM employs a two-step process consisting of initially retrieving similar questions that lie in the vicinity of the query and latent topic vector space and then re-ranking them using a deep layered semantic model. Experiments on large scale real-life cQA dataset show that our approach outperforms the state-of-the-art translation and topic based baseline approaches

Abstract

It has been shown that transition-based methods can be used for syntactic word ordering and tree linearization, achieving significantly faster speed compared with traditional best-first methods. State-of-the-art transition-based models give competitive results on ab-stract word ordering and unlabeled tree lin-earization, but significantly worse results on labeled tree linearization. We demonstrate that the main cause for the performance bottle-neck is the sparsity of SHIFT transition actions rather than heavy pruning. To address this is-sue, we propose a modification to the standard transition-based feature structure, which reduces feature sparsity and allows look ahead features at a small cost to decoding efficiency.Our model gives the best reported accuracies on all benchmarks, yet still being over 30times faster compared with best-first-search.

Abstract

Community Question Answering (cQA) forums have become a popular medium for soliciting direct answers to specific questions of users from experts or other experienced users on a given topic. However, for a given question, users some-times have to sift through a large number of low-quality or irrelevant answers to find out the answer which satisfies their information need. To alleviate this, the problem of Answer Quality Prediction (AQP) aims to predict the quality of an answer posted in response to a forum question.Current AQP systems either learn models using - a) various hand-crafted features (HCF) or b) use deep learning (DL)techniques which automatically learn the required feature representations.In this paper, we propose a novel approach for AQP known as -“Deep Feature Fusion Network (DFFN)”which leverages the advantages of both hand-crafted features and deep learning based systems. Given a question-answer pair along with its metadata, DFFN independently - a) learns deep features using a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and b) computes hand-crafted features using various external resourcesand then combines them using a deep neural network trained to predict the final answer quality. DFFN achieves state-of-the-art performance on the standard SemEval-2015 andSemEval-2016 benchmark datasets and outperforms base-line approaches which individually employ either HCF or DL based techniques alone.