Abstract

With the development in the field of quantum physics, several methods for building a quantum computer have emerged. These differ in qubit technologies, interaction topologies, and noise characteristics. In this article, insights are given into the circuit‐ centric architecture design of Noisy Intermediate‐Scale Quantum (NISQ) devices. The dependence of the circuit size, circuit depth on the interaction and connection between different qubits present in quantum hardware are discussed. A noise‐aware procedure is presented which helps in determining the optimal interactions between different qubits of a quantum chip to execute a given circuit in the most efficient way possible. In this article, the 5‐qubit hardware in a noiseless setting is illustrated with an example. Also, a benchmark‐driven analysis is performed to show the importance of noise adaptivity in determining the hardware reliability. It is concluded that a generalized and flexible procedure such as this approach can aid in determining the design of hardware accurately for which the circuit runs efficiently, that is, with the least number of clock cycles, the lowest gate operations, and noise‐based errors

Abstract

A majority of the real world applications involve mapping the task at hand to an optimization problem, whose solutions are either fully known or can be approximated by relaxing some of its constraints. In general, the increment in problem size or augmentation of additional constraints can increase the hardness of the problem. This means that the computational resources required in solving them scale-up exponentially, making them computationally intractable. Hence, researchers worldwide have been working on developing efficient tools and techniques for solving these problems efficiently with the available computing power. With the recent d

Abstract

An earthquake Mw7.8 occurred on 25 April 2015 in a seismically dominant area of Nepal. No major earthquakes (>Mw7.0) were recorded in the past two decades, though Nepal is one of the active seismic regions in the world. The combined effect of the main event and the aftershocks, which are temporally distributed over 40 days, has led to a huge devastation, killing thousands of people in the epi-central area. A complete seismic catalog and influencing parameters such as type of fault, epi-central/hypo-central distance, type of soil are required for a region to assess seismic hazard scenario. The seismic hazard can be represented in terms of Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA), which is the most widely used parameter in strong motion studies. The main objective of this paper is to understand the characteristics of ground motion of the 2015 Nepal earthquake. Since the available ground motion records are limited, an attempt has been made to generate ground motion records using a modified semi-empirical approach. Contour maps of PGA and intensity have also been generated. It is observed that around 22% of buildings experienced an intensity of VI on MMI scale at Bageswari mandal. A few buildings have experienced an intensity of VII in Thankot, Seuchatar, Satikhel, Mahadevathan, Indrayani, Chhaimale, and Balambu.

Abstract

UN World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction held in 2015 at Sendai, Japan, reiterated the need for substantial reduction in loss of life and property. Thus, assessing disaster risk and identifying key items for risk mitigation are in focus. Assessment of disaster risk is a multidisciplinary effort, which includes expected tangible physical loss, such as collapse and damage to built environment. In countries with limited resources, prioritizing risk reduction effort across the different parts of the country needs a quantitative (yet simple) approach to bring objectivity into the decision-making process. This paper presents a simple method, called Earthquake Disaster Risk Index (EDRI), for estimating relative earthquake risk across the different regions in a country; it uses three major constituents of risk, namely Hazard, Exposure and Vulnerability. Hazard is taken as the acceleration hazard specified in the national earthquake design standard, Exposure as per the permitted occupancy in the Local Municipal Byelaws, and Vulnerability through a Level 2 Detailed Qualitative Assessment of buildings built in the Town or City (with penalty points for missing features of earthquake resistance compared to an Ideal Building). First, the EDRI of a Town or City is estimated for each typology of building in the Town or City, and then the net EDRI of the Town or City is obtained as a weighted average of the EDRI of each typology of buildings using the number of buildings of each typology present in the city. The EDRI of a city so estimated can be compared with that of another city. Also, disaggregation of risk through its three major constituents of EDRI will increase awareness of the factors which contribute to risk – from expected intensity of earthquake ground shaking, to exposure of people in each building type, to vulnerability of each building typology. The exercise can be undertaken at a large scale across the country. Policy Makers of a prefecture or a state in a nation will find the results of EDRI to be a useful tool for prioritising allocation of earthquake risk mitigation resources and effort across Towns and Cities.

Abstract

India is a country which is prone to earthquakes. Many great earthquakes of the world have occurred in India, but still safe earthquake construction practices are not popular yet. This is mainly due to lack of awareness regarding earthquake problems and also earthquake safety features of buildings. On the other hand, India is a country with many diversified building technologies where there is a large variation in selection of building materials and building technologies. Over the ages, building materials and technologies were linked to the geo-climatic conditions of the area and the same is evident from census data of the country. However, during past earthquakes, many buildings collapsed due to the lack of earthquake resistant features in these buildings, resulting in huge life loss. This paper is an attempt to identify the critical earthquake resistant elements in each building typology which is popular in a given region. The same is demonstrated by taking two building typologies i.e., framed buildings and load bearing structures in four different regions i.e., hilly region, plain region, snowfall region and heavy rainfall region. From the above, it is clear that each housing typology can be made earthquake resistant by understanding the role of critical elements and by not deviating from standard design which is safe as well as compatible with geo-climatic conditions of the region.

Abstract

With the advent of intelligent transport, quadrotors are becoming an attractive aerial transport solution during emergency evacuations, construction works etc. During such operations, dynamic variations in (possibly unknown) payload and unknown external disturbances cause considerable control challenges for path tracking algorithms. In fact, the statedependent nature of the resulting uncertainties makes stateof-the-art adaptive control solutions ineffective against such uncertainties that can be completely unknown and possibly unbounded a priori. This paper, to the best of the knowledge of the authors, proposes the first adaptive control solution for quadrotors, which does not require any a priori knowledge of the parameters of quadrotor dynamics as well as of external disturbances. The stability of the closed-loop system is studied analytically via Lyapunov theory and the effectiveness of the proposed solution is verified on a realistic simulator.

Abstract

Residensial Energy electricity

Abstract

Locally recoverable codes (LRCs) are known to reduce the repair locality, i.e., the number of nodes accessed during node repair, in distributed storage systems. Regenerating codes, on the other hand, offer a decreased repair bandwidth, which is the repair traffic incurred during node repairs. Locally regenerating codes (LRGCs), which are constructed via intertwining regenerating codes of smaller block lengths, simultaneously offer a small repair locality and repair bandwidth. In this letter, we construct a family of LRGCs where the constituent codes are bandwidth-efficient, minimum bandwidth cooperative regenerating codes. The newly constructed LRGCs are optimal with respect to both minimum distance and rate.

Abstract

Rural areas are often neglected while deploying newer mobile technologies. Hence, these place are digitally disconnected from the world. To overcome this challenge, 5G network slicing supporting multi-tenancy, also known as neutral host network, is studied to improve rural connectivity. The infrastructure provider (InP) deploys the rural 5G network and mobile network operators (MNOs) lease the slices from InP to serve their end-users. This aims to study the value network configuration (VNC) for the 5G network slicing architecture to understand the possible business model. As a result, three configurations are defined driven by micro-operator, MNO and community end-users respectively. The business models are constructed using SWOT analysis and business canvas models. The revenue streams for the proposed rural network are analyzed.

Abstract

The design of monolithic power management circuits is critical in energy harvesting applications. A Pulse width modulation (PWM) boost converter with feedforward and feedback control mitigates the changes in input-output parameters and avoids the use of compensation circuit. However, the conventional design of a clock generator in feedback path employs power hungry comparators and latches. This paper proposes an improved design of clock generator replacing comparators and latches with a schmitt trigger circuit. As a result, a low power and a low ripple PWM was acheived. The design was implemented in UMC 180 nm CMOS technology generating a stable output of 3.3 V for an input range of 1.2 V - 1.6 V. Due to the application of the proposed technique, a reduced power consumption of 60.19 mW and low ripple voltage of 18.29 mV was achieved, for a maximum load current of 100 mA at an efficiency of 98%. Thus making the design suitable for energy harvesting applications.