Abstract

This paper presents an overview of Apertium, a free and open-source rule-based machine translation platform. Translation in Apertium happens through a pipeline of modular tools, and the platform continues to be improved as more language pairs are added. Several advances have been implemented since the last publication, including some new optional modules: a module that allows rules to process recursive structures at the structural transfer stage, a module that deals with contiguous and discontiguous multi-word expressions, and a module that resolves anaphora to aid translation. Also highlighted is the hybridisation of Apertium through statistical modules that augment the pipeline, and statistical methods that augment existing modules. This includes morphological disambiguation, weighted structural transfer, and lexical selection modules that learn from limited data. The paper also discusses how a platform like Apertium can be a critical part of access to language technology for so-called low-resource languages, which might be ignored or deemed unapproachable by popular corpus-based translation

Abstract

The Artificial Intelligence of Things (AIoT) is the amalgamation of Artificial Intelligence (AI) methods and the Internet of Things (IoT) infrastructure, which are deployed there to improve the overall performance of the system. AIoT can be deployed to achieve more efficient IoT operations; thereby can improve human-machine interactions and provide better data analysis. AI methods can be used to transform IoT data into useful information for the better decision-making processes, and it further increases the overall usability of the system. AIoT frameworks are very useful and applicable in a variety of applications, like security and surveillance system, smart home, intelligent transportation system, smart farming, secure and safe healthcare monitoring, industrial automation and control, eCommerce, logistics operations and control, and many more. However, AIoT frameworks may have issues related to data security and privacy as they are vulnerable to various types of information security-related attacks. These issues further cause the serious consequences, like the unauthorized data leakage and data update. Blockchain is a specific type of database. It is a digital ledger of transactions, which is duplicated and distributed across the entire network of computer systems. It stores data in the form of some blocks, which are then chained together. Blockchain is tamper proof and provides more security as compared to the traditional security mechanisms. Hence, blockchain can be integrated in various AIoT applications to provide more security. A generalized blockchain-envisioned secure authentication framework for AIoT has been proposed. The adversary model of blockchain-envisioned secure authentication framework for AIoT is also highlighted that covers most of the potential threats of a kind of communication environment. Various applications of the proposed framework are also discussed. Furthermore, different issues and challenges of the proposed framework are highlighted. In the end, we also provide some future research directions relevant to the proposed framework.

Abstract

COVID-19 infodemic has been spreading faster than the pandemic itself. The misinformation riding upon the infodemic wave poses a major threat to people’s health and governance systems. Managing this infodemic not only requires mitigating misinformation but also an early understanding of underlying psychological patterns. In this study, we present a novel epidemic response management strategy. We analyze the psychometric impact and coupling of COVID19 infodemic with official COVID-19 bulletins at the national and state level in India. We looked at them from the psycholinguistic lens of emotions and quantified the extent and coupling between them. We modified Empath, a deep skipgram-based lexicon builder, for effective capture of health-related emotions. Using this, we analyzed the lead-lag relationships between the time-evolution of these emotions in social media and official bulletins using Granger’s causality. It showed that state bulletins led the social media for some emotions such as Medical Emergency. In contrast, social media led the government bulletins for some topics such as hygiene, government, fun, and leisure. Further insights potentially relevant for policymakers and communicators engaged in mitigating misinformation are also discussed. We also introduce CoronaIndiaDataset, the first social-media-based Indian COVID-19 dataset at the national and state levels with over 5.6 million national and 2.6 million state-level tweets for the first wave of COVID-19 in India and 1.2 million national tweets for the second wave of COVID-19 in India.

Abstract

n this work, we revisit the theory of open quantum systems from the perspective of fermionic baths. Specifically, we concentrate on the dynamics of a central spin half particle interacting with a spin bath. We have calculated the exact reduced dynamics of the central spin and constructed the Kraus operators in relation to that. Further, the exact Lindblad type canonical master equation corresponding to the reduced dynamics is constructed. We have also briefly touched upon the aspect of non-Markovianity from the backdrop of the reduced dynamics of the central spin. Quanta 2021; 10: 55–64

Abstract

ccurate extraction of the cortical brain surface is critical for cortical thickness estimation and a key element to perform multimodal imaging analysis, where different metrics are integrated and compared in a common space. While brain surface extraction has become widespread practice in human studies, several challenges unique to neuroimaging of non-human primates (NHP) have hindered its adoption for the study of macaques. Although, some of these difficulties can be addressed at the acquisition stage, several common artifacts can be minimized through image preprocessing. Likewise, there are several image analysis pipelines for human MRIs, but very few automated methods for extraction of cortical surfaces have been reported for NHPs and none have been tested on data from diverse sources. We present PREEMACS, a pipeline that standardizes the preprocessing of structural MRI images (T1- and T2-weighted) and carries out an automatic surface extraction of the macaque brain. Building upon and extending pre-existing tools, the first module performs volume orientation, image cropping, intensity non-uniformity correction, and volume averaging, before skull-stripping through a convolutional neural network. The second module performs quality control using an adaptation of MRIqc method to extract objective quality metrics that are then used to determine the likelihood of accurate brain surface estimation. The third and final module estimates the white matter (wm) and pial surfaces from the T1-weighted volume (T1w) using an NHP customized version of FreeSurfer aided by the T2-weighted volumes (T2w). To evaluate the generalizability of PREEMACS, we tested the pipeline using 57 T1w/T2w NHP volumes acquired at 11 different sites from the PRIME-DE public dataset. Results showed an accurate and robust automatic brain surface extraction from images that passed the quality control segment of our pipeline. This work offers

Abstract

Extensive searches to probe the particle nature of dark matter (DM) have been going on for some decades now but, so far, no conclusive evidence has been found. Among various options, the Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMP) remains one of the prime possibilities as candidates for DM near the TeV scale. Taking a phenomenological view, such null results may be explained for a generic WIMP in a Higgs-portal scenario if we allow the light-quark Yukawa couplings to assume non-Standard Model (non-SM)-like values. This follows from a cancellation among different terms in the DM-nucleon scattering which can, in turn, lead to a vanishingly small direct-detection cross section. It might also lead to isospin violation in the DM-nucleon scattering. Such non-SM values of light-quark Yukawa couplings may be probed in the high luminosity run of the LHC.

Abstract

The problem of data exchange between multiple nodes with storage and communication capabilities models several current multi-user communication problems like Coded Caching, Data Shuffling, Coded Computing, etc. The goal in such problems is to design communication schemes which accomplish the desired data exchange between the nodes with the optimal (minimum) amount of communication load. In this work, we present a converse to such a general data exchange problem. The expression of the converse depends only on the number of bits to be moved between different subsets of nodes, and does not assume anything further specific about the parameters in the problem. Specific problem formulations, such as those in Coded Caching, Coded Data Shuffling, and Coded Distributed Computing, can be seen as instances of this generic data exchange problem. Applying our generic converse, we can efficiently recover known important converses in these formulations. Further, for a generic coded caching problem with heterogeneous cache sizes at the clients with or without a central server, we obtain a new general converse, which subsumes some existing results. Finally we relate a “centralized” version of our bound to the known generalized independence number bound in index coding and discuss our bound’s tightness in this context.

Abstract

This paper analyses patch antennas operating at 16 GHz on flexible Kapton polyimide substrate in various shapes, namely rectangular, circular, pentagon, hexagon, heptagon, and octagon. Their applications in medical areas, more particularly in wearable devices for E-health, are targeted. The bending effects of these antennas are studied, more specifically on gain, return loss, radiation characteristics, bandwidth, and beamwidth. A detailed comparison results showed that the rectangular patch had better performance even under the bending when the diameter of the surface is varied from 40mm to 120mm and maintains a gain of 4.8 dB at the given frequency. Under such extreme bending, the antennas operate satisfactorily with an efficiency of 43.424% to 47.41%

Abstract

Localization of multiple speakers using microphone arrays remains a challenging problem, especially in the presence of noise and reverberation. State-of-the-art localization algorithms generally exploit the sparsity of speech in some representation for this purpose. Whereas the broadband approaches exploit time-domain sparsity for multi-speaker localization, narrowband approaches can additionally exploit sparsity and disjointness in the time-frequency representation. Broadband approaches are robust to spatial aliasing but do not optimally exploit the frequency domain sparsity, leading to poor localization performance for arrays with short inter-microphone distances. Narrowband approaches, on the other hand, are vulnerable to spatial aliasing, making them unsuitable for arrays with large inter-microphone spacing. Proposed here is an approach that decomposes a signal spectrum into a weighted sum of broadband spectral components (atoms) and then exploits signal sparsity in the time-atom representation for simultaneous multiple source localization. The decomposition into atoms is performed in situ using non-negative

Abstract

Residential electricity consumption (REC) in India has tripled in the past two decades accounting for 24% of the overall electricity consumption during 2018-19. Residential air conditioning (AC) usage is responsible for about 20%-40% of REC in India. This paper investigates the relationship of residential AC use with indoor temperature and relative humidity (RH) using concurrent time-series monitoring data gathered in eight dwellings during summer and monsoon seasons. Contextual data about the dwelling (physical) and household characteristics were gathered using face-to-face interview based surveys. The dwellings were located in Hyderabad representing the composite climate of India. The mean daily electricity consumption was found to be higher in summer (11.5kWh) possibly due to the higher usage of AC (because of higher ambient conditions) as compared to 6.5kWh/day during monsoon season. Binary logistic regression identified the trigger indoor temperature and RH at which AC was likely to be switched on in the summer as 29 °C - 31.9 °C for indoor temperature and 36%-38.9% RH. In the monsoon season AC was predicted to come on sooner at 26°C-28.9°C but at higher RH range of 59%-61.9%. These empirical findings can be used to reduce residential cooling energy demand through smart management of ACs in Indian dwellings