Optimized Hardware Architecture for Respiration Rate Classification using Quadratic SVM and mmWave Radar Sensor
Mujeev Khan,Mohd. Wajid,Abhishek Srivastava
International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, ISCAS, 2025
@inproceedings{bib_Opti_2025, AUTHOR = {Mujeev Khan, Mohd. Wajid, Abhishek Srivastava}, TITLE = {Optimized Hardware Architecture for Respiration Rate Classification using Quadratic SVM and mmWave Radar Sensor}, BOOKTITLE = {International Symposium on Circuits and Systems}. YEAR = {2025}}
In this paper, we propose an FPGA based system
for non-contact monitoring of respiration rates (RR) using a
mmWave frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) radar.
The novel FPGA based hardware architecture presented in this
paper classifies normal and abnormal RR with a Support Vector
Machine (SVM) model using mmWave radar-based sensing. SVM
with various kernels are evaluated in order to identify the most
effective approach for respiratory rate (RR) classification. SVM
with a quadratic polynomial kernel shows a high classification
accuracy of 95%. While the accuracy was comparable to other
kernels, the quadratic polynomial kernel achieved a substantial
reduction in the number of support vectors and other parameters.
This optimisation results in lower resource utilisation and power
consumption, making it highly efficient for FPGA implementa-
tion.
FPGA-Based Real-Time Road Object Detection System Using mmWave Radar
Anand Mohan,Hemant Kumar Meena,Mohd. Wajid,Abhishek Srivastava
IEEE Sensors Letters, IEEE-SL, 2025
@inproceedings{bib_FPGA_2025, AUTHOR = {Anand Mohan, Hemant Kumar Meena, Mohd. Wajid, Abhishek Srivastava}, TITLE = {FPGA-Based Real-Time Road Object Detection System Using mmWave Radar}, BOOKTITLE = {IEEE Sensors Letters}. YEAR = {2025}}
This letter presents the development of a real-time object
detection system using frequency modulated continuous wave
millimeter-wave (mmWave) radar signals and the python productivity
for zynq ultrascale + mpsocs (PYNQ-ZU) field-programmable gate
array (FPGA) board, which is widely used in advanced driving
assistance system and robotic applications. A hardware FPGA
platform serves as a valid embedded architecture for the purpose of
validating object detection and recognition applications. We used our
experiment’s point cloud images to apply different machine learning
models to detect these objects. Using a top-view (TV) filter to convert 3-D point cloud images into 2-D representations
made object detection more accurate. Following the use of filtration techniques, we extracted features from the filtered
2-D image using the visual geometry group (VGG) 16 model. We then assessed four machine learning models for
object detection and found that the support vector machine (SVM) model and logistic regression (LR) had better results, obtaining an accuracy of 97%. Our proposed work uses mmWave radar, TV filter, VGG 16 Model, and LR to highly increase object detection accuracy over existing methods.
Scalable Multi-Subject Vital Sign Monitoring with mmWave FMCW Radar and FPGA Prototyping
Jewel Benny,Narahari N Moudhgalya,Mujeev Khan,Hemant Kumar Meena,Mohd Wajid,Abhishek Srivastava
IEEE Sensors Journal, SJ, 2024
@inproceedings{bib_Scal_2024, AUTHOR = {Jewel Benny, Narahari N Moudhgalya, Mujeev Khan, Hemant Kumar Meena, Mohd Wajid, Abhishek Srivastava}, TITLE = {Scalable Multi-Subject Vital Sign Monitoring with mmWave FMCW Radar and FPGA Prototyping}, BOOKTITLE = {IEEE Sensors Journal}. YEAR = {2024}}
In this work, we introduce an innovative approach to estimate the vital signs of multiple human subjects simultaneously in a non-contact way using a Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave (FMCW) radar-based system. Traditional vital sign monitoring methods often face significant limitations, including subject discomfort with wearable devices, challenges in calibration, and the risk of infection transmission through contact measurement devices. To address these issues, this research is motivated by the need for versatile, non-contact vital monitoring solutions applicable in various critical scenarios. This work also explores the challenges of extending this capability to an arbitrary number of subjects, including hardware and theoretical limitations. Supported by rigorous experimental results and discussions, the paper illustrates the system’s potential to redefine vital sign monitoring. An FPGA-based implementation is also presented as proof of concept for a hardware-based and portable solution, improving upon previous works by offering 2.7x faster execution and 18.4% less Look-Up Table (LUT) utilization, as well as providing over 7400x acceleration compared to its software counterpart.
Hardware Deployable Edge AI Solution for Posture Classification using mmWave Radar and Low Computation Machine Learning Model
Yash Pratap Singh,Aham Gupta,Devansh Chaudhary,Pranjal Mahajan,Mohd. Wajid,Abhishek Srivastava
IEEE Sensors Journal, SJ, 2024
@inproceedings{bib_Hard_2024, AUTHOR = {Yash Pratap Singh, Aham Gupta, Devansh Chaudhary, Pranjal Mahajan, Mohd. Wajid, Abhishek Srivastava}, TITLE = {Hardware Deployable Edge AI Solution for Posture Classification using mmWave Radar and Low Computation Machine Learning Model}, BOOKTITLE = {IEEE Sensors Journal}. YEAR = {2024}}
Identifying correct human postures is crucial in areas like patient care in hospitals. However,
the traditional vision-based methods widely used for
this purpose raise privacy concerns for the subject,
and the other wearable sensor-based approaches are
impractical for real-world scenarios. In this paper, we
propose a contactless, privacy-conscious, and memoryefficient posture classification system based on millimeter wave (mmWave) radar. This system utilizes threedimension(3D) point-cloud data captured using Texas
Instrument’s IWR1843BOOST Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave (FMCW) radar module to classify the posture of the subject. Two types of datasets are extracted
from this radar data: (i) image dataset derived from the
isometric view of the point-cloud data, and (ii) spatial
coordinates dataset also extracted from the point-cloud
data. A low-computational Tiny Machine Learning (TinyML) model is employed on the datasets for efficient implementation
on embedded hardware, Raspberry Pi 3 B+. The proposed model’s parameters were quantized to 8 bits (int8), which
accurately classify four postures, i.e., standing, sitting, lying, and bending, with an accuracy of 98.97% for the image
data. However, to make it more computationally efficient, the int8 quantized TinyML model was trained on the spatial
coordinates dataset, giving an accuracy of 96.12%. This highlights the efficiency and effectiveness of our proposed
lightweight model that can be deployed on edge devices for real-world applications.
GoldAid: IoT-Powered Integrated Safety System with CNN for Rapid Medical Aid in Golden Hour
Anushka Tripathi,Arpit Sahni,Somanchi Srikar,Mantha Venkata Surya Sresthavadhani,Mohammed Hammad Khan,Abhishek Srivastava
IEEE Sensors Journal, SJ, 2024
@inproceedings{bib_Gold_2024, AUTHOR = {Anushka Tripathi, Arpit Sahni, Somanchi Srikar, Mantha Venkata Surya Sresthavadhani, Mohammed Hammad Khan, Abhishek Srivastava}, TITLE = {GoldAid: IoT-Powered Integrated Safety System with CNN for Rapid Medical Aid in Golden Hour}, BOOKTITLE = {IEEE Sensors Journal}. YEAR = {2024}}
A Point Cloud-Based Non-Intrusive Approach for Human Posture Classification by Utilizing 77 GHz FMCW Radar and Deep Learning Models
Pranjal Mahajan,Devansh Chaudhary,Mujeev Khan,Mohammed Hammad Khan,Mohd Wajid,Abhishek Srivastava
IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, ISCAS, 2024
@inproceedings{bib_A_Po_2024, AUTHOR = {Pranjal Mahajan, Devansh Chaudhary, Mujeev Khan, Mohammed Hammad Khan, Mohd Wajid, Abhishek Srivastava}, TITLE = {A Point Cloud-Based Non-Intrusive Approach for Human Posture Classification by Utilizing 77 GHz FMCW Radar and Deep Learning Models}, BOOKTITLE = {IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems}. YEAR = {2024}}
Human posture analysis has gained a significant research interest in the recent times. It helps in many applications such as gait analysis for detecting neurological disorders, fall detection of elderly people, and continuous monitoring of severely ill patients. Camera-based vision systems are commonly employed for detecting human postures; however, they cause concerns over the subjects' privacy. To address this challenge, we present a millimeter wave (mmWave) radar-based, truly non-contact, non-intrusive, and privacy-conscious posture detection and classification system in this research. The proposed system utilizes three-dimensional point cloud data of the subject to comprehensively classify body postures, capturing intricate real-time details. In this work, we also present a custom-designed Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and its comparison with other models, which are conventionally used for posture classification. We also demonstrate the hardware implementation of the proposed system and present the measurement results using Texas Instruments' IWR1843BOOST radar module. The proposed CNN model achieves an accuracy of 97.10% while classifying standing, sitting, lying and bending postures.
Design and Implementation of FPGA Based System for Object Detection and Range Estimation Used in ADAS Applications Utilizing FMCW Radar
Mujeev Khan,Pranjal Mahajan,Gani Nawaz Khan,Devansh Chaudhary,Jewel Benny,Mohd. Wajid,Abhishek Srivastava
IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, ISCAS, 2024
@inproceedings{bib_Desi_2024, AUTHOR = {Mujeev Khan, Pranjal Mahajan, Gani Nawaz Khan, Devansh Chaudhary, Jewel Benny, Mohd. Wajid, Abhishek Srivastava}, TITLE = {Design and Implementation of FPGA Based System for Object Detection and Range Estimation Used in ADAS Applications Utilizing FMCW Radar}, BOOKTITLE = {IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems}. YEAR = {2024}}
This paper presents the design and implementation of a hardware system for real-time object detection and range estimation utilizing Frequency-Modulated Continuous Wave (FMCW) millimeter wave radar signals, which are commonly used in Advance Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) and robotic applications. The proposed system utilizes the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) algorithm to process the FMCW radar signal for estimating the range of an object. For developing a resource-efficient and low latency range-estimation hardware, this paper also presents a comparative analysis for the implementation of three popular FFT architectures (iterative Radix-2, iterative Radix-4, and pipelined Radix-2) on FPGA. Based on the presented analysis the lowest latency range-estimation architecture has been chosen for FFT implementation and a system prototype is developed as a proof-of-concept by integrating the commercially available Texas Instruments' 77 GHz AWR1642BOOST FMCW radar module with a FPGA to host the chosen FFT architecture. Measurement results of the proposed system hardware are also presented in this paper, which shows >99.21% range-estimation accuracy.
Design of Integrated System for Detection of Micro-organisms with Fabrication and Testing of ZnO Nanorods based Biosensor
Arpit Sahni,Kosuri Vikranth Varma,Deeksha,Bhaswar Ghosh,Anshu Sarje,Abhishek Srivastava
Biomedical Circuits and System Conference, BioCAS, 2023
@inproceedings{bib_Desi_2023, AUTHOR = {Arpit Sahni, Kosuri Vikranth Varma, Deeksha, Bhaswar Ghosh, Anshu Sarje, Abhishek Srivastava}, TITLE = {Design of Integrated System for Detection of Micro-organisms with Fabrication and Testing of ZnO Nanorods based Biosensor}, BOOKTITLE = {Biomedical Circuits and System Conference}. YEAR = {2023}}
Efficient and reliable non-invasive methods for micro-organism detection have significant implications in various fields such as medical diagnostics, environmental monitoring, and food safety. Existing detection techniques, such as culture-based methods, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) have limitations including time-consuming processes, expensive equipment requirements and invasive sampling procedures. These drawbacks emphasize the need for alternate detection techniques that are non-invasive, rapid, sensitive, specific, and user-friendly. For this purpose, in this research, we present a portable integrated system for micro-organism detection, which is based on electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The proposed system includes Zinc Oxide (ZnO) nanorods based interdigitized electrode (IDE) sensor and an EIS circuit. This work also presents the considerations and methodology for the fabrication of ZnO nanorods with high-yield. To validate the efficacy of the proposed methods, experimental results through scanning electron microscope are also presented. Finally, measurement results for detection of a micro-organism (yeast) is also presented to demonstrate the utility and effectiveness of the proposed methods and system.
Design of a Wideband 8-20 GHz Receiver Front-End with Reduced Local Oscillator Phase-Error in 4-Path Mixer
Arpit Sahni,Abhishek Srivastava
Asia Pacific Conference on Circuits and Systems, APCCAS, 2023
@inproceedings{bib_Desi_2023, AUTHOR = {Arpit Sahni, Abhishek Srivastava}, TITLE = {Design of a Wideband 8-20 GHz Receiver Front-End with Reduced Local Oscillator Phase-Error in 4-Path Mixer}, BOOKTITLE = {Asia Pacific Conference on Circuits and Systems}. YEAR = {2023}}
Modern transceiver integrated circuits used in wireless communication systems seek low power wide frequency range receiver front-ends (RxFE) to support multiple communication bands. For this, RxFE leveraging passive N-path mixer first approach are becoming progressively popular due to their low power nature. However, N-path RxFE requires N precise phases of a local oscillator (LO) to control mixer operation, which becomes challenging as the frequency of operation increases (> 10 GHz). In this paper, we give useful insights and present design considerations for the faithful generation of different non- overlapping phases of LO to achieve wide band RF input match. We also present the design and post-layout simulation results of a 4-path mixer based 8-20 GHz RxFE with programmable gain of 10 to 29 dB in TSMC 65 nm CMOS technology. In post-layout simulations, the proposed design achieves an IIP3 of > -10 dB, S11 of < -12 dB and consumes total power of 66 mW from 1.2 V supply.
Deep Learning Based Portable Respiratory Sound Classification System
Adithya Sunil Edakkadan,Abhishek Srivastava
Asia Pacific Conference on Circuits and Systems, APCCAS, 2023
@inproceedings{bib_Deep_2023, AUTHOR = {Adithya Sunil Edakkadan, Abhishek Srivastava}, TITLE = {Deep Learning Based Portable Respiratory Sound Classification System}, BOOKTITLE = {Asia Pacific Conference on Circuits and Systems}. YEAR = {2023}}
Respiratory diseases contribute to a majority of deaths worldwide every year. Diseases such as asthma, bronchitis and pneumonia also adversely impact a person’s social and economic conditions. They can seriously threaten their health if left undiagnosed and untreated. Techniques such as auscultation are used in the diagnosis of most respiratory diseases. However, using such techniques requires an experienced physician and the diagnosis is subjective. To overcome these challenges, in this work, a portable handheld system has been proposed and a proof of concept implemented to detect and classify respiratory diseases automatically through the use of convolutional neural networks (CNN) running on mobile platforms. Mel spectrograms are generated from the audio signals and fed to the CNN for classification. This work makes use of the publicly available HF Lung dataset. The classification accuracy achieved by the current implementation using a Raspberry Pi for processing is 80.55% with a sensitivity of 95.65% and specificity of 98.80% on the HF Lung dataset.
An mmWave Frequency Range Multi-Modulus Programmable Divider for FMCW Radar Applications
Mantha Venkata Surya Sresthavadhani,Adithya Sunil Edakkadan,Arpit Sahni,Abhishek Srivastava
International Conference on VLSI Design, VLSID, 2023
Abs | | bib Tex
@inproceedings{bib_An_m_2023, AUTHOR = {Mantha Venkata Surya Sresthavadhani, Adithya Sunil Edakkadan, Arpit Sahni, Abhishek Srivastava}, TITLE = {An mmWave Frequency Range Multi-Modulus Programmable Divider for FMCW Radar Applications}, BOOKTITLE = {International Conference on VLSI Design}. YEAR = {2023}}
Recently, there has been a major shift in advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) from the camera and LiDAR-oriented systems to mmWave radar-based systems. Such high-frequency band radars currently using frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) technique require programmable dividers with large divide ratios and fine frequency resolution to obtain high-frequency chirps with sufficiently large bandwidth. This paper presents a low-power multi-modulus programmable frequency divider for a frequency synthesizer operating in the 19.25-20.25 GHz frequency band from a reference frequency of 40 MHz. The divider consumes 14 mW of power and is capable of producing divide ratios in the range of 481.25-506.25 with a fine resolution of 1 MHz. The divider has a phase noise of −146 dBc/Hz at an offset of 2 kHz.
Analysis and Design of Low Phase Noise 20 GHz VCO for Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave Chirp Synthesizers in mmWave Radars
Kambham Harikrishna,Srayan Sankar Chatterjee,Adithya Sunil Edakkadan,Abhishek Srivastava
International Conference on VLSI Design, VLSID, 2023
Abs | | bib Tex
@inproceedings{bib_Anal_2023, AUTHOR = {Kambham Harikrishna, Srayan Sankar Chatterjee, Adithya Sunil Edakkadan, Abhishek Srivastava}, TITLE = {Analysis and Design of Low Phase Noise 20 GHz VCO for Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave Chirp Synthesizers in mmWave Radars}, BOOKTITLE = {International Conference on VLSI Design}. YEAR = {2023}}
Recent developments in advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) have raised the demands of mmWave radars in 24 GHz and 77 GHz band. For higher accuracy and precision, frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) technique has become very popular for mmWave radars, which requires low phase noise and high bandwidth chirp frequency synthesizers. In this work, we present analysis and design of a low phase noise, transformer tank based mmWave voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) near 20 GHz for multiplier based 77 GHz FMCW chirp synthesizer. The proposed VCO design is implemented in 65 nm CMOS technology. Post layout simulations show that the proposed VCO exhibits a figure-of-merit is 192 dBc/Hz and phase noise of -117.98 dBc/Hz at 1 MHz offset while operating at 18.94 GHz and achieves a tuning range of 1.42 GHz (18.94-20.36 GHz), while consuming a power of 13.78 mW from 1.1 V supply.
Design and Analysis of Low Power 20 GHz Colpitts VCO with FoM of 196.26 dBc/Hz
Srayan Sankar Chatterjee,Arpit Sahni,Kambham Harikrishna,Zia Abbas,Abhishek Srivastava
International Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems, MWSCAS, 2023
@inproceedings{bib_Desi_2023, AUTHOR = {Srayan Sankar Chatterjee, Arpit Sahni, Kambham Harikrishna, Zia Abbas, Abhishek Srivastava}, TITLE = {Design and Analysis of Low Power 20 GHz Colpitts VCO with FoM of 196.26 dBc/Hz}, BOOKTITLE = {International Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems}. YEAR = {2023}}
This work introduces an ultra low power gm-boosted Colpitts voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) with a transformer based tank operating near 20 GHz. The proposed VCO is implemented in TSMC 65 nm CMOS technology. Through postlayout simulations, it is demonstrated that the proposed VCO exhibits a remarkable figure-of-merit of 196.26 dBc/Hz and achieves a phase noise of -111.21 dBc/Hz at a 1 MHz offset while operating at 19.6 GHz. Additionally, the VCO provides a tuning range of 1.7 GHz (18 - 19.7 GHz) and consumes only 1.2 mW of power from a 1 V supply.
Analysis and Design of Low Phase Noise 20 GHz VCO for Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave Chirp Synthesizers in mmWave Radars
Srayan Sankar Chatterjee,Kambham Harikrishna,Adithya Sunil Edakkadan,Abhishek Srivastava
International Conference on VLSI Design, VLSID, 2023
@inproceedings{bib_Anal_2023, AUTHOR = {Srayan Sankar Chatterjee, Kambham Harikrishna, Adithya Sunil Edakkadan, Abhishek Srivastava}, TITLE = {Analysis and Design of Low Phase Noise 20 GHz VCO for Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave Chirp Synthesizers in mmWave Radars}, BOOKTITLE = {International Conference on VLSI Design}. YEAR = {2023}}
Recent developments in advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) have raised the demands of mmWave radars in 24 GHz and 77 GHz band. For higher accuracy and precision, frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) technique has become very popular for mmWave radars, which requires low phase noise and high bandwidth chirp frequency synthesizers. In this work, we present analysis and design of a low phase noise, transformer tank based mmWave voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) near 20 GHz for multiplier based 77 GHz FMCW chirp synthesizer. The proposed VCO design is implemented in 65 nm CMOS technology. Post layout simulations show that the proposed VCO exhibits a figure-of-merit is 192 dBc/Hz and phase noise of -117.98 dBc/Hz at 1 MHz offset while operating at 18.94 GHz and achieves a tuning range of 1.42 GHz (18.94-20.36 GHz), while consuming a power of 13.78 mW from 1.1 V supply.
Design and Measurements of mmWave FMCW Radar Based Non-Contact Multi-Patient Heart Rate and Breath Rate Monitoring System
Jewel Benny,Pranjal Mahajan,Srayan Sankar Chatterjee,Mohd Wajid,Abhishek Srivastava
Biomedical Circuits and System Conference, BioCAS, 2023
@inproceedings{bib_Desi_2023, AUTHOR = {Jewel Benny, Pranjal Mahajan, Srayan Sankar Chatterjee, Mohd Wajid, Abhishek Srivastava}, TITLE = {Design and Measurements of mmWave FMCW Radar Based Non-Contact Multi-Patient Heart Rate and Breath Rate Monitoring System}, BOOKTITLE = {Biomedical Circuits and System Conference}. YEAR = {2023}}
Recent developments in mmWave radar technologies have enabled the truly non-contact heart-rate (HR) and breath-rate (BR) measurement approaches, which provides a great ease in patient monitoring. Additionally, these technologies also provide opportunities to simultaneously detect HR and BR of multiple patients, which has become increasingly important for efficient mass monitoring scenarios. In this work, a frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) mmWave radar based truly non-contact multiple patient HR and BR monitoring system has been presented. Furthermore, a novel approach is also proposed, which combines multiple processing methods using a least squares solution to improve measurement accuracy, generalization, and handle measurement error. The proposed system has been developed using Texas Instruments’ FMCW radar and experimental results with multiple subjects are also presented, which show >97% and >93% accuracy in the measured BR and HR values, respectively.
A 2.75-2.94 GHz Voltage Controlled Oscillator with Low Gain Variation for Quantum Sensing Applications
Adithya Sunil Edakkadan,Kuntal Desai,Abhishek Srivastava
International Conference on VLSI Design, VLSID, 2022
@inproceedings{bib_A_2._2022, AUTHOR = {Adithya Sunil Edakkadan, Kuntal Desai, Abhishek Srivastava}, TITLE = {A 2.75-2.94 GHz Voltage Controlled Oscillator with Low Gain Variation for Quantum Sensing Applications}, BOOKTITLE = {International Conference on VLSI Design}. YEAR = {2022}}
Quantum sensing applications such as nitrogen vacancy based magnetometry require phase locked loops (PLL), which can synthesize microwave frequencies in a narrow band near 2.87 GHz. Moreover, it is also required that the PLLs should have low noise and low jitter for high stability and fast settling time. These requirements seek low phase noise voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) with small variation in its gain (KVCO) within the desired tuning range. In this paper, we present a technique for designing a low phase noise VCO with low KVCO and small KVCO variation. To validate the proposed technique, an LC VCO has been designed and implemented in 0.18 µm CMOS process and post layout simulation results are presented. The simulation results show that the proposed LC VCO achieves KVCO variation of ±3.82% in the frequency range of 2.75 - 2.94 GHz and exhibits a phase noise of -118.64 dBc/Hz at an offset of 1 MHz, while consuming 9 mW of power from a 1.8 V supply.
A Low Phase Noise 30 GHz Oscillator Topology for Resonant-Fin-Transistors Based High-Q On-chip Resonators in 14 nm Technology
Abhishek Srivastava,Baibhab Chatterjee,Dana Weinstein,Shreyas Sen
International Conference on VLSI Design, VLSID, 2022
Abs | | bib Tex
@inproceedings{bib_A_Lo_2022, AUTHOR = {Abhishek Srivastava, Baibhab Chatterjee, Dana Weinstein, Shreyas Sen}, TITLE = {A Low Phase Noise 30 GHz Oscillator Topology for Resonant-Fin-Transistors Based High-Q On-chip Resonators in 14 nm Technology}, BOOKTITLE = {International Conference on VLSI Design}. YEAR = {2022}}
This work presents an ultra low phase noise 30 GHz oscillator topology in 14 nm technology for an active mode Micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) based resonator that utilizes resonant-fin transistors (RFT). A novel oscillator architecture has been presented for the active mode RFT, which can be modelled as a voltage controlled current source with 270° phase shift between its output current and input voltage. The proposed oscillator has been designed in 14 nm GF technology and simulation results show that it achieves phase noise less than −144 dBc/Hz at 1 MHz offset for 30 GHz carrier frequency for active mode RFT with quality factor of 10,000, while consuming 5.5 mW power from 0.8 V supply.
Design Methodology of Low Phase Noise mmWave Oscillator with Partial Cancellation of Static Capacitance of High-Q On-chip MEMS Resonator
Ashish Papreja,Mantha Venkata Surya Sresthavadhani,Abhishek Srivastava
International Conference on VLSI Design, VLSID, 2022
Abs | | bib Tex
@inproceedings{bib_Desi_2022, AUTHOR = {Ashish Papreja, Mantha Venkata Surya Sresthavadhani, Abhishek Srivastava}, TITLE = {Design Methodology of Low Phase Noise mmWave Oscillator with Partial Cancellation of Static Capacitance of High-Q On-chip MEMS Resonator}, BOOKTITLE = {International Conference on VLSI Design}. YEAR = {2022}}
Fully monolithic carrier synthesis at mmWave frequencies (>10 GHz) seek on-chip high quality factor resonators in micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) technology. However, at mmWave frequencies, MEMS resonator’s usage is severely limited by its high static capacitance (C 0 ) and low electromechanical coupling. In this work, we propose a technique of partial cancellation of C 0 of mmWave MEMS resonator to utilize it for the development of an extremely low phase noise oscillator. Based on the proposed technique, we also present a methodology for low phase noise fully monolithic mmWave oscillator design. To validate the proposed technique and methodology, design and simulation results of an oscillator with 10.33 GHz on-chip MEMS resonator model in 65 nm CMOS have been also presented in this paper. Simulation results show that the oscillator achieves phase noise and FoM of -137 dBc/Hz and 212.8 dBc/Hz, respectively at 1 MHz offset, while consuming 2.8 mW power from 1 V supply.
Design of 2.87 GHz Frequency Synthesizer with Programmable Sweep for Diamond Color Defect based CMOS Quantum Sensing Applications
Adithya Sunil Edakkadan,Kasturi Saha,Maryam Shojaei Baghini,Abhishek Srivastava
IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, ISCAS, 2022
Abs | | bib Tex
@inproceedings{bib_Desi_2022, AUTHOR = {Adithya Sunil Edakkadan, Kasturi Saha, Maryam Shojaei Baghini, Abhishek Srivastava}, TITLE = {Design of 2.87 GHz Frequency Synthesizer with Programmable Sweep for Diamond Color Defect based CMOS Quantum Sensing Applications}, BOOKTITLE = {IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems}. YEAR = {2022}}
Recently, diamond color defect based quantum sensing applications such as nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center magnetometry have emerged in CMOS technology, which use optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) for sensing magnetic field strengths (|B~|) from different environmental physical quantities. For ODMR based sensing, CMOS quantum sensors seek an onchip 2.87 GHz microwave (MW) signal generator. Moreover, in order to sense smaller |B~|, these CMOS quantum sensors also require that MW signal should be swept with sufficiently small step-size near 2.87 GHz. In this work, we present a fractional-N synthesizer based 2.87 GHz MW-generator (MWG) with an extremely small programmable sweep step-size for improved sensitivity of |B~| measurements in CMOS NV magnetometry. The proposed MWG is implemented in 180 nm CMOS technology and simulations were done to validate the proposed design. Post-layout simulation results show that the proposed MWG achieves a minimum sweep-step size of 50 kHz, which can be used to sense |B~|<0.9μT and exhibits a phase noise of −114.5 dBc/Hz at an offset of 1 MHz near 2.87 GHz center frequency.
Design and implementation of 0.23 nJ/bit reference-spur-free FSK/OOK transmitter at 400 MHz for wearable health monitoring
Abhishek Srivastava,Devarshi Das,Maryam Shojaei Baghini
Biomedical Circuits and System Conference, BioCAS, 2022
@inproceedings{bib_Desi_2022, AUTHOR = {Abhishek Srivastava, Devarshi Das, Maryam Shojaei Baghini}, TITLE = {Design and implementation of 0.23 nJ/bit reference-spur-free FSK/OOK transmitter at 400 MHz for wearable health monitoring}, BOOKTITLE = {Biomedical Circuits and System Conference}. YEAR = {2022}}
Increasing demands of wearable health monitoring seek dedicated spectrum for short range wireless communication of biosignals, for which frequency band near 400 MHz has been utilized recently. While using the dedicated spectrum, biosignal communication must not cause any out of band radiations and interference, for which there is a strong need to develop spur- free, low phase noise and energy efficient wireless transmitters (TX). In this research, for the first time we present design and implementation of a reference-spur-free, low phase noise, sub-mW dual modulation mode (frequency shift keying (FSK) and on-off keying (OOK)) 400 MHz TX for wearable health monitoring, where RF synthesis depends solely on an extremely low phase noise oscillator, which uses a 400 MHz surface acoustic wave resonator and does not include any power hungry, spur- generating frequency multiplier or phase/frequency lock loop. The proposed TX has been designed and fabricated in 180 nm CMOS technology. Measurement results show that the energy efficiencies of the proposed TX in FSK and OOK mode are 1.8 nJ/bit at 250 kb/s and 0.23 nJ/bit at 2 Mb/s, respectively. To prove the utility of the proposed TX, biosignal communication is also demonstrated with the help of a commercial receiver in actual operating scenarios, where the measured bit error rate in FSK mode was < 10−5 for range of 2 m. Index Terms—Health-monitoring, wearable, spur-free, trans- mitter, FSK, OOK, 400 MHz, MedRadio
Analysis and Design Considerations for Achieving the Fundamental Limits of Phase Noise in mmWave Oscillators With On-Chip MEMS Resonator
Abhishek Srivastava,Baibhab Chatterjee ,Udit Rawat,Yanbo He,Dana Weinstein,Shreyas Sen
IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II, IEEE-TCS, 2021
@inproceedings{bib_Anal_2021, AUTHOR = {Abhishek Srivastava, Baibhab Chatterjee , Udit Rawat, Yanbo He, Dana Weinstein, Shreyas Sen}, TITLE = {Analysis and Design Considerations for Achieving the Fundamental Limits of Phase Noise in mmWave Oscillators With On-Chip MEMS Resonator}, BOOKTITLE = {IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II}. YEAR = {2021}}
Very small electromechanical coupling coefficient in micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) or acoustic resonators is quite a concern for oscillator performance, specially at mmWave frequencies. This small coefficient is the manifestation of the small ratio of motional capacitance to static capacitance in the resonators. This work provides a general solution to overcome the problem of relatively high static capacitance at mmWave frequencies and presents analysis and design techniques for achieving extremely low phase noise and a very high figureof-merit (FoM) in an on-chip MEMS resonator based mmWave oscillator. The proposed analysis and techniques are validated with design and simulation of a 30 GHz oscillator with MEMS resonator having quality factor of 10,000 in 14 nm GF technology. Post layout simulation results show that it achieves a phase noise of −132 dBc/Hz and FoM of 217 dBc/Hz at offset of 1 MHz.
Design and Implementation of 0.23 nJ/Bit Reference-Spur-Free FSK/OOK Transmitter at 400 MHz forWearable Health Monitoring
Abhishek Srivastava,Devarshi Das,Maryam Shojaei Baghini
Biomedical Circuits and System Conference, BioCAS, 2021
@inproceedings{bib_Desi_2021, AUTHOR = {Abhishek Srivastava, Devarshi Das, Maryam Shojaei Baghini}, TITLE = {Design and Implementation of 0.23 nJ/Bit Reference-Spur-Free FSK/OOK Transmitter at 400 MHz forWearable Health Monitoring}, BOOKTITLE = {Biomedical Circuits and System Conference}. YEAR = {2021}}
Increasing demands of wearable health monitoring seek dedicated spectrum for short range wireless communication of biosignals, for which frequency band near 400 MHz has been utilized recently. While using the dedicated spectrum, biosignal communication must not cause any out of band radiations and interference, for which there is a strong need to develop spurfree, low phase noise and energy efficient wireless transmitters (TX). In this research, for the first time we present design and implementation of a reference-spur-free, low phase noise, sub-mW dual modulation mode (frequency shift keying (FSK) and on-off keying (OOK)) 400 MHz TX for wearable health monitoring, where RF synthesis depends solely on an extremely low phase noise oscillator, which uses a 400 MHz surface acoustic wave resonator and does not include any power hungry, spurgenerating frequency multiplier or phase/frequency lock loop. The proposed TX has been designed and fabricated in 180 nm CMOS technology. Measurement results show that the energy efficiencies of the proposed TX in FSK and OOK mode are 1.8 nJ/bit at 250 kb/s and 0.23 nJ/bit at 2 Mb/s, respectively. To prove the utility of the proposed TX, biosignal communication is also demonstrated with the help of a commercial receiver in actual operating scenarios, where the measured bit error rate in FSK mode was < 10−5 for range of 2 m. Index Terms—Health-monitoring, wearable, spur-free, transmitter, FSK, OOK, 400 MHz, MedRadio
Analysis and Design of Low Phase Noise LC Oscillator for Sub-mW PLL-Free Biomedical Receivers
Abhishek Srivastava,Maryam Shojaei Baghini
International Conference on VLSI Design, VLSID, 2019
@inproceedings{bib_Anal_2019, AUTHOR = {Abhishek Srivastava, Maryam Shojaei Baghini}, TITLE = {Analysis and Design of Low Phase Noise LC Oscillator for Sub-mW PLL-Free Biomedical Receivers}, BOOKTITLE = {International Conference on VLSI Design}. YEAR = {2019}}
This work presents the design of a low phase noise LC oscillator (LCO) for a phase locked loop (PLL)-free receiver (RX), which is used for wireless sensor nodes based healthcare applications. A detailed analysis of phase noise of free running LCO has been presented under the influence of offchip components, which are very often inevitable in biomedical radios. Based on the analysis, a low power cross coupled LCO has been optimally designed for Medical Device Radiocommunication (MedRadio) band, which is a recommended communication band for biomedical applications. The proposed LCO has been fabricated in 180 nm CMOS technology. Measurement results show that the LCO consumes 140 μW power from 1.8 V supply and exhibits a phase noise of -103 dBc/Hz at an offset of 300 kHz, which closely matches with the post layout simulation results. Measurement results also show that the proposed …
